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WILLIAM   TOWNSEND   PORTER,  M.D. 


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THE   UNIVERSITY   PRESS 

1903 


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PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


BY 


WILLIAM   TOWNSEND   PORTER,  M.D. 

associatp:  professou  of  physiology  in  the 
harvard  medical  school 


SECOND    EDITION 


THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 
1903 


Copyright,  1903 
By  William  T.  Porter 


PREFACE   TO  THE   SECOND   EDITION 


This  book  is  written  to  explain  a  new  method 
of  teaching,  sound  in  theory  and  feasible  in 
practice ;  to  provide  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
with  a  precise  account  of  the  work  done  by  each 
student  in  Physiology ;  and  to  create  for  stu- 
dents and  instructors  alike  a  working-plan  by 
which  they  may  find  their  way  unvexed  through 
much  detail. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/physiologyatharv1903port 


CONTENTS 

I 

The  New  Method 

The  Mew  Method ^ 

Ways  and  Means 4 

CouESES  Offered  in  1902-1903 8 

II 

The  First-Year  Course 

Instruction  given  each  Student 9 

Peogram 11 

Instructions  to  Students 12 

Laboratory  Experiments 14 

Pairing  —  Distribution  of  time  —  Experiments  performed. 
General  Physiology,  including  Muscle  and  Nerve  .     17 
Methods  of  electrical  stimulation  —  Stimulation  of  muscle 
and  nerve  —  Chemical  and  mechanical  stimulation  —  Irri- 
tability and  conductivity  —  The  electromotive  phenomena 
of  muscle  and  nerve  —  The  change  in  form. 
Additional  Experiments  on  Muscle  and  Nerve    .     .     20 
Methods  of  electrical  stimulation  —  Chemical  and  mechani- 
cal    stimulation  —  Irritability    and    conductivity  —  The 
electromotive    phenomena    of   muscle    and   nerve  —  The 
change  in  form. 
Spinal  Cord  and  Brain 23 


VIU  CONTENTS 

SlMPATHETIC 24 

Cutaneous  Sensations 24 

Sensations  of  temperature  —  Sensations  of  pressure. 

General  Sensations 24 

Tickle —  Pain  —Motor  sensations. 

Taste 25 

Smell,  Hearing 25 

Physiological  Optics 25 

Introduction  —  Refraction  in  the  eye  —  The  schematic  eye 
—  Accommodation  — Ophthalmoscopy. 
Vision,  Fermentation,  Digestion,  Absorption,  Lymph, 

Blood,  Secretion,  Respiration,  Metabolism      .     27 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood 29 

The    pressure -pulse  —  The  innervation    of   the    heart   and 
blood-vessels. 

Apparatus 31 

Laboratory  Note-Book 32 

Conference 32 

"Written  Tests 33 

Special  Demonstrations 35 

Recitations 36 

Theses  and  the  Reading  of  Investigations       ...  37 

Instructions  for  thesis. 

Treses  to  be  Discussed  in  1903       .......  40 

Theses  to  be  Written  but  Not  Discussed  in  1903     .  42 
Bibliographies    for  the  Theses  to    be    Discussed  in 

1903 45 

Lectures 65 

Calendar. 

Optional  Lectures 65 

Special  Experimental  Work 66 


CONTENTS  IX 

Examinations 67 

Practical  examiaation  —  Written  examination. 

Ill 

The  Advanced  Course 74 

IV 

Physiological  Research 75 

V 

The  Summer  Course 80 

APPENDIX 

Apparatus 81 

Requisition  Blank 90 

First  Issue  of  Apparatus 91 

Second  Issue  of  Apparatus 93 

First  Return  of  Apparatus 94 

Third  Issue  of  Apparatus 95 

Fourth  Issue  of  Apparatus 96 

Fifth  Issue  of  Apparatus 96 

Second  Return  of  Apparatus 97 

Third  Return  of  Apparatus 99 

Apparatus  Liable  to  be  Broken 101 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT  HARVARD 


THE   XEW   METHOD 

The  new  method  of  teaching  physiology  proposed 
in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,^ 
December  29,  1898,  and  more  fully  explained  in 
the  Fhilaclelphia  Medical  Journal,^  September  1, 
1900,  was  adopted  by  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
in  1899. 

The  traditional  method  of  teaching  physiology 
consists  of  a  systematic  course  of  lectures  illus- 
trated by  occasional  demonstrations.  For  thirty 
years  or  more,  especially  in  England,  this  didactic 
teaching  has  been  further  illustrated  by  certain 
experiments  performed  by  the  students  them- 
selves. Laboratory  experiments,  therefore,  have 
long  been  a  valued  part  of  the  instruction  in 
physiology  in  many  universities.  When  the 
new  method  of  teaching  was  introduced  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  and  two  hundred  stu- 
dents worked  daily  in  the  physiological  labora- 
tories, it  was  said  that  this  was  only  doing  in  a 
large  way  that  which  had  been  done  in  a  small 

1  Porter,  "W.  T.  :  The  teaching  of  physiology  in  medical 
schools,  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  December  29, 
1898,  pp.  647-652. 

'^  Porter,  W.  T. :  The  teaching  of  physiolog}',  Phila/J.elphia 
Medical  Journal^  September  1,  1900. 

1 


2  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

way  for  many  years.  The  enterprise  was  held  to 
he  valuable  because  it  showed  that  large  numbers 
of  first-year  medical  students  could  be  carried 
simultaneously  through  a  long  series  of  experi- 
ments many  of  wliich  had  been  thought  beyond 
their  powers ;  it  was  a  lesson  in  faith  and  an 
example  of  administration,  but  nothing  more. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  this  criticism  is  based 
upon  a  misapprehension.  The  new  method  is 
not  an  extension  of  the  old.  It  is  a  fundamen- 
tally difierent  process.  The  old  method  is  chiefly 
didactic.  The  new  is  a  systematic  course  of 
exp)erimeut  and  observation  by  the  student  him- 
self. In  the  old  the  student  rests  upon  the  dic- 
tum of  the  professor  and  the  text-book.  In  the 
new  he  relies  upon  the  fundamental  experiments 
done  with  his  own  hands.  In  the  old  his  experi- 
ments follow  the  lecture  and  attempt  to  verify 
its  statements.  In  the  new  the  lecture  follows 
his  experiments  and  discusses  them  in  relation 
to  the  work  of  other  observers.  In  the  old 
the  stress  is  upon  the  didactic  teaching.  In  the 
new  the  stress  is  upon  observation.  Under  the 
old  method,  students  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  used  to  ask,  "Who  is  the  authority  for 
that  statement?"  Under  the  new,  they  ask, 
"  What  is  the  experimental  evidence  ? "  The  old 
method  insensibly  teaches  men  to  depend  upon 
authority,  but  the  new  directs  them  to  nature. 

In  the  old  method  the  experiments  performed 
by  the  students  are  almost  exchisively  such  as 
are  quickly  and  easily  done,  for  example,  the 
simpler  experiments  in  the  physiology  of  muscle 
and  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.     They  are 


THE    NEW    METHOD  6 

intended  to  illustrate  physiological  experimenta- 
tion rather  than  to  disclose  step  by  step  the 
groundwork  of  the  science  of  physiolog}'. 

In  the  new  method,  on  the  contrary,  the  fun- 
damental experiments  and  observations  which 
form  the  solid  ground  in  every  field  of  physiulogy 
are  divided  into  sufficiently  small  groups  and 
arranged  in  the  most  instructive  sequence.  With 
the  fundamental  experiment  of  each  group  are 
placed  the  accessory  data.  The  meaning  of  this 
term  will  be  clear 'from  the  following  example. 
Consider  the  function  of  the  roots  of  spinal 
nerves.  The  fundamental  experiment  here_  is 
Johannes  Muller's  well-known  section  and  stim- 
ulation of  the  nerve-roots.  The  accessory  data 
are  such  of  the  observations  and  opinions  of  his 
successors  as  are  necessary  to  give  a  clear  picture 
of  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  this  subject. 
The  student  makes  for  himself  the  fundamental 
observation,  and  immediately  afterward  considers 
the  accessory  data  provided  in  text-book  and  lec- 
ture. He  proceeds  systematically  from  the  funda- 
mental experiment 'and  accessory  data  of  one 
group  to  those  of  the  next,  in  an  ordered  and 
logical  series. 

The  fundamental  experiment  and  the  accessory 
data  are  taken  as  directly  as  possible  from  the 
original  sources,  and  the  reference  is  given  in 
each  case. 

It  should  be  observed  that  this  new  method 
serves  for  the  instruction  of  all  students,  from 
beginners  to  those  engaged  in  research.  The 
beginner  performs  the  fundamental  experiment 
in^each  group  and  studies  the  accessory  data. 


4  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

The  advanced  student  performs  the  fundamental 
experiments  and  as  many  of  the  accessory  experi- 
ments as  may  give  him  the  special  training  he 
desires.  The  research  student  has  before  him 
the  classical  observations  and  the  original  sources 
of  the  problem  he  has  chosen. 

It  should  be  noticed  also  that  the  new  need 
not  violently  push  aside  the  old  method  of  in- 
struction, but  may  replace  it  chapter  by  chapter 
as  the  means  and  the  energy  of  the  instructors 
shall  permit. 

It  has  been  urged  against  the  new  method  that 
there  are  fundamental  experiments  which  require 
more  time  than  the  student  can  possibly  give,  or 
which  are  too  complicated  to  be  successfully 
performed  by  him.  The  number  of  these  has 
certainly  been  much  exaggerated,  and  is  daily 
lessened  by  inventions  that  secure  '  simplicity 
without  loss  of  accuracy.  Pending  such  labor- 
saving  inventions,  the  experiments  which  con- 
sume much  time  may  well  be  done  by  committees 
of  students,  and  the  results  reported  to  the  entire 
class,  who  will  compare  them  with  the  account 
given  by  the  original  discoverers. 

Ways  and  Means 

The  new  method  requires  : 

1.  Printed  accounts  of  the  fundamental  experi- 
ments and  observations  in  physiology,  taken  from 
the  original  sources,  and  arranged  in  the  most 
instructive  sequence.  The  reference  to  the  origi- 
nal source  should  be  given  in  each  case. 

2.  Accessory  data  grouped  about  the  fundamen- 


THE    NEW    METHOD  5 

tal  experiments.  The  accessory  data  should  also 
be  taken  as  directly  as  possible  from  the  original 
sources,  and  tlie  reference  given  in  each  case. 

3.  Apparatus  of  precision  designed  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  upon  lines  that  permit  its 
manufacture  in  large  quantities  at  small  cost. 

It  is  obvious  that  these  conditions  cannot  be 
met  without  prolonged  labor.  Collections  of 
fundamental  and  accessory  experiments  in  sev- 
eral fields  have  been  printed  in  an  abbreviated 
form  for  the  temporary  use  of  Harvard  Medical 
students  and  other  interested  persons.^  These 
collections  are  being  completed  and  improved  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  and  the  data  for  the  remain- 
ing fields  are  beincr  brouorht  tocrether.  In  its 
final  form  this  material  will  constitute  "  A  Labo- 
ratory Text-book  of  Physiology."  ^ 

Especial  consideration  should  be  given  to  the 
apparatus  for  the  laboratory  teaching  of  large 
numbers  of  students.  The  making  of  physio- 
logical apparatus  distinguished  by  simplicity  of 
design,  sound  workmanship,  and  low  cost  is  at 

1  Porter,  W.  T.  :  An  Introduction  to  Physiology.  Part  I. 
The  Physiology  of  ^[uscle  and  Nerve,  pp.  1-235.  Second 
edition,  January,  1901.  Part  II.  The  Circulation,  pp.  237- 
314.  Parts  I  and  II  are  bound  together  in  green  cloth. 
Part  III.  The  Spinal  Cord  and  Brain,  in  preparatwn.  Part  IV. 
Physiological  Optics,  pp.  1-99.  Bound  in  gray  paper.  Pend- 
ing the  publication  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the  Introduction 
to  Physiology  and  of  the  Laboratory  Text-book  of  Physiology, 
the  experiments  not  mentioned  in  Parts  I,  II,  and  lY,  of  the 
Introduction,  and  now  performed  by  students  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  are  printed  in  Experiments  for  Harvard  Med kal 
Students,  1903,  third  edition.  These  deal  more  or  less  fully 
with  the  spinal  cord,  brain,  cutaneous  sensations,  taste,  vision, 
metabolism,  respiration,  blood,  and  fermentation. 

'  This  title  is  cojiyrighted  by  W.  T.  Porter. 


6  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

present  of  high  importance  to  the  development 
of  physiology.  The  ordinary  student  of  physi- 
ology is  essentially  a  book  man,  while  the  pro- 
fessional physiologist  is  essentially  a  laboratory 
man.  Student  and  professor  should  go  the  same 
path, —  the  only  road  that  ever  has  led  or  ever  will 
lead  to  a  sound  knowledge  of  a  natural  science. 
Few  steps  can  be  taken  along  this  road  without 
apparatus  of  precision.  Physiological  apparatus 
has  heretofore  been  made  upon  the  "model"  plan, 
each  piece  for  itself,  without  regard  to  the  num- 
ber of  mechanical  "  operations "  required,  and 
with  little  or  no  thought  as  to  the  subsequent 
maintenance  of  the  apparatus  in  good  condition. 
The  Harvard  Medical  School  requires  more  than 
one  hundred  duplicates  of  each  apparatus,  for 
example  more  than  one  hundred  kymographs, 
more  than  one  hundred  inductoriums,  etc.  The 
course  now  given  requires  the  issue  of  at  least 
twenty-five  thousand  articles,  and  this  number 
increases  steadily  with  the  increase  in  the  experi- 
mental work.  It  is  clear  that  the  cost  of  such 
an  equipment  made  on  the  old  lines  would  be 
beyond  the  means  of  any  large  school.  Hence, 
the  sound  training  of  large  classes  in  physiology 
depends  absolutely  upon  the  invention  of  appara- 
tus that  shall  serve  for  exact  experimentation, 
i.e.  the  repetition  of  classical  experiments,  and 
that  shall  also  be  designed  with  reference  (1)  to 
its  "  manufacture,"  (2)  to  its  storage  and  issue, 
and  (3)  to  its  maintenance  in  good  condition. 
By  "  manufacture  "  is  meant  technically  the  mak- 
ing of  a  number  of  pieces  of  the  same  apparatus 
consecutively,  by  preference  upon  special  lathes 


THE    NEW    METHOD  7 

and  with  special  tools.  Thus  in  the  machine  shop 
of  the  Harvard  Physiological  Laboratory  the  parts 
of  five  hundred  moist  chambers  were  made  at 
one  time.  For  economy,  the  number  of  steps  or 
"  operations  "  should  be  the  fewest  possible,  as 
each  operation  must  be  repeated  many  times, — 
five  hundred  times  in  the  example  just  given. 
The  labor  of  setting  a  turret  lathe  which  will 
make  eight  consecutive  operations  upon  the  same 
piece  of  metal  is  as  ^reat  for  one  piece  as  for  a 
thousand.  Astonishing  economies  may  also  be 
secured  by  the  use  of  special  automatic  tools. 

Further,  it  is  essential  that  the  apparatus 
be  compact,  and  that  important  parts  be  protected 
so  that  they  may  not  be  injured  when  the  appara- 
tus is  handled  rapidly  by  persons  of  small  ex- 
perience. Storage  and  issue  must  be  carefully 
studied  to  prevent  hopeless  confusion  and  the 
rapid  deterioration  of  the  plant. 

Finally,  the  apparatus  should  be  designed  with 
special  reference  to  durability  and  cleanliness  ; 
otherwise  there  will  be  a  heavy  charge  for 
maintenance. 

The  supply  of  apparatus  of  this  type  bears  the 
same  relation  to  the  advance  of  physiology  that 
the  commissariat  bears  to  the  advance  of  an  army.^ 

1  The  Harvard  Physiological  Apparatus  has  been  especially 
devised  for  the  laboratory  teaching  of  large  numbers  of  students. 
It  has  been  described  in  part  in  a  catalogue  entitled  "The 
Harvard  Physiological  Apy)aratus,  n)anufactured  by  the  me- 
chanics of  the  Harvard  Laboratory  of  Physiology  under  the 
direction  of  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  :"  also  in  Science,  1901,  xiv, 
pp.  .^67-.o70  ;  and  also  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fifteenth 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Physiological  Society  pub- 
lished in  the  American  Journal  of  Physiology,  1903,  viii. 


8  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVAKD 


Courses  offered  in  1902-1903 

1.  First- Year  Course.       3.    Eesearch. 

2.  Advanced  Course.       4.    Summer  Course. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR  COURSE 


II 

THE   FIKST-YEAE   COURSE 

The  first-year  course  is  required  of  all  students. 
It  is  designed  to  give  the  general  introduction  to 
physiology  that  every  Doctor  of  Medicine  should 
possess.  It  is  valuable  also  to  biologists  not  in- 
tending to  become  physicians.  The  medical  stu- 
dents who  take  this  course  have  spent  the  first 
four  months  of  the  collegiate  year  in  the  study  of 
anatomy,  histology,  and  embryology.  The  morn- 
ings of  the  second  four  months,  February,  March, 
April,  and  May,  are  given  to  physiology,  and 
the  afternoons  to  physiological  and  pathological 
chemistry. 

The  instruction  in  physiology  given  each  stu- 
dent is  shown  in  the  accompanying  tables,  which 
are  followed  by  a  description  of  the  several 
exercises. 


10 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


TABLE  I 

Showing  the  Ikstruction  given  Each  Student  in 
THE  First- Year  Course 


Number 
of  Exer- 
cises. 


79 

79 

79 
16 
50 

15 

15 
50 

24 


Character  of  Exercise. 


Laboratory  experiments.  Professors 
Porter  and  Cannon,  and  Dr.  Maxwell. 
Daili/,  except  Saturday. 

Conference.  Professors  Porter  and  Can- 
non. Daily,  except  Saturday.  First 
to  sixteenth  week,  inclusive. 

Written  tests.  Daily,  except  Saturday. 
First  to  sixteenth  iceek,  inclusive. 

Written  tests.  Mondays.  First  to  six- 
teenth week,  inclusive. 

Lectures,  with  demonstrations.  Profes- 
sors Porter  and  Cannon.  Daily,  except 
Saturday.  Sixth  to  fifteenth  week, 
inclusive. 

Special  demonstrations.  Professors  Por- 
ter and  Cannon.  Saturdays.  First  to 
fifteenth  iveek,  inclusive. 

Recitations.  Professor  Bowditch.  Sat- 
urdays.   First  to  fifteenth  week,  inclusive. 

Discussion  of  theses.  The  entire  class 
and  the  Staff.  Daily,  except  Monday. 
Sixth  to  fifteenth  week,  inclusive. 

Optional  lectures.  Professors  Porter  and 
Cannon.  In  May.  (For  dates  and 
subjects,  see  page  65.) 

Thesis.  Written  by  each  student  from 
the  original  sources. 

Reading  of  investigations.  The  reading 
of  one  or  more  investigations  in  the 
original  source  and  the  discussion  of 
these  when  the  theses  upon  the  same 
subjects  are  discussed. 

Bibliography.  The  making  of  a  bibli- 
ography of  one  of  the  subjects  listed 
under  "  Theses  not  to  be  read,"  p.  42. 

Special  experimental  work.  Optional 
during  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
weeks,  for  selected  students. 


Hours  of 
Instruc- 
tion. 


168 

40 

26 
11 
25 

15 

15 
40 

18 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE 


11 


TABLE   II 
rnoGUAM  OF  First-Yeau  Cour.se 


SECOND   HALF-YEAR. 

Physiology.    February  3  to  March  7. 

Monday. 

Tuesday.     Thursday. 
Wednesday.    Friday. 

Saturday. 

9-9.30 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

9  30-9.50 

Written  Test. 

Rooms 

B  and  H. 

Written  Test. 
Rooms  B  and  H. 

9.50-12 

Laboratory 

Experiments. 

Rooms 

B  and  H. 

Laboratory  Experi- 
ments. 
Rooms  B  and  H. 

10-11 

Recita- 
tion. 
Room  A. 

13-1 

"Written  Test. 

Rooms 

B  and  H. 

11-13 

Demon- 
stration. 
Room  A. 

March  9  to  May  25. 

9-9.30 

Lecture. 
Room  A. 

Lecture. 
Room  A. 

9-9.45 

Discus- 
sion of 
Theses. 
Room  A. 

9.30-10 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

Conference. 
Room  A. 

10-10.30 

Written  Test. 
Rooms 
B  and  H. 

Written  Test. 
Rooms  B  and  H. 

10-11 

Recita- 
tion. 
Room  A. 

10.30-13.15 

Laboratory 

Experiments. 

Rooms 

B  and  H. 

Laboratory  Experi- 
ments. 
Rooms  B  and  H. 

13.15-1 

Written  Test. 

Rooms 

B  and  H. 

Discussion  of  Theses. 
Room  A. 

11-13 

Demon- 
stration. 
Room  A. 

May  26  to  Junk  1. 

Laboratory  experiments.     Rooms  B  and  H. 

12  physiology  at  harvard 

Instructions  to  Students 

Four  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  the  course 
the  following  letter  is  sent  to  each  student :  ^ 

Form  A. 

Department  of  Physiolooy, 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

January  1,  1903. 

Dear  Sir  :  — 

Since  many  of  the  laboratory  experi- 
ments in  physiology  require  two  men  for  their 
successful  performance,  the  class  will  be  divided 
into  pairs.  Students  may  work  with  whom  they 
please,  provided  those  desiring  to  work  together 
give  written  notice  to  Professor  "\V.  T.  Porter  not 
later  than  January  24.  Where  no  preference  is 
expressed  the  pairing  will  be  made  from  an  alpha- 
betical list.  The  distribution  of  the  pairs  at  the 
laboratory  desks  will  be  posted  on  the  bulletin 
board  January  30.  Students  are  advised  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  the  following  articles : 

1.  A  dissectincr  case,  includinfj  scissors,  one 
large  and  one  small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 

2.  A  small  towel. 

3.  A  piece  of  cotton  cloth  about  40  x  40  cm. 

4.  A  microscope  with  a  hinged  standard  allow- 
ing the  stage  to  be  tilted  to  a  perpendicular  posi- 
tion. One  member  of  each  pair  may  rent  a 
microscope  by  applying  to  the  Department  of 
Histology.  Students  now  using  a  microscope  of 
the  required  kind  may  there  arrange  to  keep  it 

1  Letters,  lists  of  apparatus,  and  similar  matter  for  the  use 
oi  students  are  piinted  upon  the  Rotary  Neostyle. 


THE    FIIIST-YEAR    COUUSE  13 

oiui  their   microscope   locker  during  the  second 
half-year 

5.  The  pamphlet  entitled  "Physiology  at 
Harvard." 

6.  The  rhysiological  Laboratory  Note-book. 

7.  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Parts  I  and 
II,  bound  together  in  cloth.  To  be  had  from  W. 
B.  CLarke  Company,  corner  of  Park  and  Tremont 
Streets,  Boston. 

8.  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students, 
Third  Edition,  bound  in  gray  paper. 

9.  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  IV, 
bound  in  gray  paper. 

10.  The  Physiological  Thesis  Book. 

Articles  1,  2,  3, 5,  6,  8,  9,  and  10  are  sold  by  the 
Co-operative  Society. 

First-year  medical  and  dental  students,  ad- 
vanced students,  and  students  taking  the  course  a 
second  time,  will  meet  Professor  Porter  in  Ptooni 
A,  February  3,  at  9  a.m. 

At  9.30  A.M.  the  students  will  find  their  desks 
in  Rooms  B  and  H.  Each  desk  bears  the  names 
of  the  owners  upon  a  printed  slip.  Each  student 
will  receive  a  key  to  the  locker  in  his  desk.  For 
each  key  a  deposit  of  one  dollar  will  be  required, 
to  be  refunded  when  the  key  is  returned. 

Within  the  cupboard  and  drawers  of  the  locker 
will  be  found  the  apparatus  necessary  for  the 
first  work  of  the  course,  together  with  a  printed 
list  of  the  apparatus  (see  Appendix,  Form  G, 
page  91).  Articles  marked*  will  be  found  in 
the  small  wooden  boxes.     The  list  should  be  veri- 


14  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

fied   and  signed  by  each  student.     This  receipt 
will  be  retained  by  the  Department. 

Tlie  apparatus  is  issued  in  good  condition,  and 
students  will  be  held  responsible  for  its  return  in 
good  condition.  The  cost  of  cleaning,  repairing, 
or  replacing  articles  which  become  damaged  will 
be  charged  to  the  students  to  whom  they  were 
issued.  A  list  of  the  articles  liable  to  be  broken 
beyond  repair  is  posted  in  the  laboratories,  with 
the  cost  opposite  each  (see  Appendix,  Form  O; 
page  101).  Students  desiring  additional  apparatus 
must  present  a  signed  requisition  for  the  desired 
article  (see  Appendix,  Form  F,  p.  90). 

Frogs  and  tortoises  will  be  issued  on  the  presen- 
tation of  signed  requisitions.  Students  using 
more  than  the  average  number  of  animals  will 
be  charged  ten  cents  for  each  additional  medium- 
sized  frog,  and  twenty-five  cents  for  each  large 
frog  and  each  tortoise. 

Every  charge  will  be  divided  equally  between 
the  two  members  of  the  pair  represented  by  the 
name  on  the  requisition. 

You  are  advised  to  keep  this  letter  for  reference. 
Very  truly  yours, 

W.  T.  Porter. 

Laboratory  Experiments 

The  student  works  in  the  laboratory  fourteen 
hours  a  week  during  six  weeks,  and  ten  hours  a 
week  during  the  ten  other  weeks  of  the  course. 

Pairing.  —  Many  of  the  experiments  cannot 
be  done  by  one  person.  Others  are  performed 
more  rapidly   and   with    better    results   by    two 


THE    FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  15 

workers  than  by  one.  Moreover,  discussion  and 
mutual  criticism  are  valuable.  The  class  is  there- 
fore divided  into  pairs.  Students  are  urged  to 
select  their  comrades  for  themselves.  Those  who 
fail  to  choose  are  paired  by  lot.  The  pair  usually 
decides  to  divide  the  experimental  wort  so  that 
upon  one  day  the  preparation  of  the  frog,  or  other 
material,  shall  fall  to  one  student,  while  tlie  ar- 
rangement of  the  apparatus  shall  fall  to  the  other ; 
the  next  day,  these  duties  are  exchanged. 

Distribution  of  Time.  —  The  sixteen  weeks  of 
experimentation  are  divided  as  follows: 

February  3-March  6.  General  physiology,  in- 
cluding muscle  and  nerve. 

March  9-17.     Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

March  18-19.  Cutaneous  and  general  sen- 
sations. 

March  20-24.     Taste,  smell,  hearing. 

March  25-30.     Physiological  optics. 

March  31-April  2.     Vision. 

April  3-17  and  April  27-May  1.  Fermentation, 
digestion,  absorption,  lymph,  blood,  secretion,  respi- 
ration, metabolism.    (April  19-25.  Spring  recess.) 

May  4-29  and  June  1.     Circulation. 

May  30.     Memorial  Day  —  a  holiday. 

June  2-5.     Practical  examination. 

General  physiology,  including  the  physiology 
of  muscle  and  nerve  heads  the  list,  for  the  logical 
reason  that  contractility  and  irritability  are  the 
primary  attributes  of  living  tissues  and  should  be 
studied  first,  and  for  the  practical  reason  that  no 
field  has  been  so  thoroughly  worked  as  this,  and 


16  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVArvD 

none  is  so  well  adapted  to  train  the  beginner  in 
physiological  technique  and  the  physiologist's 
habit  of  thought. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  time  given  to  this 
subject  is  relatively  greater  than  that  given  to 
any  of  the  others.  The  greater  training  power 
of  the  physiology  of  muscle  and  nerve  accounts 
for  this  in  part.  But  the  student's  lack  of  skill 
and  knowledge  is  the  chief  cause.  When  the  stu- 
dents begin  the  study  of  general  physiology  they 
are  as  a  rule  unacquainted  with  experimentation 
upon  living  tissues.  During  the  first  two  weeks 
they  are  slow  and  awkward.  During  the  third 
week  a  remarkable  change  begins.  At  the  fifth 
week  it  may  be  said  without  exaggeration  that 
most  of  the  students  are  rapid  and  fairly  accurate 
experimenters.  The  experiments  upon  general 
physiology,  which  require  the  mornings  of  five 
weeks  at  the  begmning  of  the  course,  could  at  the 
end  of  the  course  be  easily  done  in  three.  The 
experiments  upon  the  circulation,  which  require 
four  weeks  in  their  present  position,  would  re- 
quire at  least  six  if  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the 
course. 

It  should  be  said,  further,  that  the  work  upon 
muscle  and  nerve  includes  certain  experiments 
that  are  commonly  taught  under  the  heading  of 
the  nervous  system. 

The  students  who  enter  the  physiological  course 
have  already  studied  the  special  anatomy  of  or- 
gans the  structure  of  which  would  otherwise  be 
described  by  the  physiologist..  This  rational  prep- 
aration materially  shortens  the  time  required  for 
certain  chapters  in  physiology. 


THE    FIKST-YEAR   COURSE  17 

The  space  a«sigued  the  vegetative  functions  is 
small  because  the  laboratory  work  in  the  chem- 
istry of  the  carbohydrates,  fats,  proteids,  bone, 
cartilao-e,  muscle,  and  of  some  other  portions  of 
chemiclxl  physiology  is  pursued  at  present  in  the 
Department  of  Chemistry. 

Experiments  Performed.  —  Following  is  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  experiments  performed.  Students 
are  not  permitted  to  pass  to  a  new  experiment 
until  the  one  in  hand  has  been  performed  to  the 
satisfaclion  of  the  instructors.  Only  work  well 
done  is  accepted. 

General  Physiology,  including  Muscle  and 

Nerve 

Methods  of  Electrical  Stimulation.  —  The  prep- 
aration of  the  gastrocnemius  muscle,  p.  4.^  The 
nerve-muscle  preparation,  p.  6.  Galvani's  experi- 
ment, p.  12.  Make  and  break  induction  currents 
as  stimuli,  p.  40.  Tetanizing  currents,  p.  42. 
Exclusion  of  make  or  break  current,  p.  43. 

Stimulation  of  Muscle  and  Nerve.  —  Opening 
and  closing  contraction,  p.  61.  Changes  in  inten- 
sity of  stimulus,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  62  and 
63.  Polar  stimulation  of  muscle,  Experiment  5, 
p.  68.  Tonic  contraction,  p.  70.  Physiological 
anodes  and  cathodes  in  rectus  muscle,  p.^  72. 
Law  of  contraction,  p.  75.    Changes  in  irritability, 

1  The  pa^'e  numbers  refer  to  "An  Introduction  to  Physiol- 
orrv  "  It  ha"s  been  found  that  students  usually  require  four  days 
for  the  methods  of  electrical  stimulation  ;  ten  days  for  the  stimula- 
tion of  muscle  and  nerve,  and  for  irritability  and  conductivity  ; 
ten  days  for  the  electromotive  phenomena,  and  for  the  change 
in  form. 

2 


18  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Experiment  1,  p.  79.  Changes  in  conductivity, 
Experiment  2,  p.  85.  Stimulation  of  human 
nerves,  p.  89.  Stimulation  of  motor  points,  p. 
92.  Polar  stimulation  of  human  nerves,  p.  93. 
Eeaction  of  degeneration,  p.  97.  Influence  of 
duration  of  stimulus,  Experiment  2,  p.  101. 
Rhythmic  contraction,  Experiment  1,  p.  103. 
Polar  fatigue,  p.  108.  Polar  inhibition  by  the 
galvanic  current.  Experiment  1,  p.  114. 

Chemical  and  Mechanical  Stimulation.  —  Effect 
of  distilled  water,  p.  124  Strong  saline  solu- 
tions, p.  125.  Drying,  p.  125.  Norm.al  saline, 
p.  126.  Importance  of  calcium,  p.  126.  Constant 
chemical  stimulation  may  cause  periodic  contrac- 
tion, p.  126.     Mechanical  stimulation,  p.  127. 

Irritability  and  Conductivity.  —  The  iudepen- 
dent  irritability  of  muscle ;  curare  experiment, 
p.  132.  Minimal  and  maximal  stimuli ;  threshold 
value,  p.  137.  Summation  of  inadequate  single 
stimuli,  p.  138.  The  same  nerve  fibre  may  con- 
duct impulses  both  centripetally  and  centrifugally, 
Experiment  1,  p.  144.  Speed  of  nerve  impulse, 
p.  146. 

The  Electromotive  Phenomena  of  Muscle  and 
Nerve.  —  Polarization  current,  p.  25,  and  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  106.  Demarcation  current  of  muscle, 
Experiment  1,  p.  150  (omit  last  three  lines). 
Uninjured  muscle,  p.  153.  Stimulation  by  de- 
marcation current,  Experiment  1,  p.  153.  Meas- 
urement of  electromotive  force  of  demarcation 
current;  compensation  method,  p.  158.  Demarca- 
tion current  of  nerve,  p.  159.  Action  current  of 
muscle.  Experiments  1  (rheoscopic  frog)  and  2, 
p.  166.     Action  current  of  heart,  Experiments  1 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  19 

and  2,  p.  173.  Secretion  current  from  mucous 
membrane,  p.  183. 

The  Change  iu  Form.  —  Volume  of  contracting 
muscle,  p.  194.  The  duration  of  the  several 
periods,  p.  19G.  The  excitation  wave,  p.  199. 
The  contraction  wave,  p.  201.  Influence  of  load 
on  height  of  contraction,  p.  204.  Influence  of 
temperature  on  form  of  contraction,  p.  205. 
Superposition  of  two  contractions,  p.  209.  Super- 
position in  tetanus,  p.  210.  Graduation  of  iso- 
metric spring,  p.  218.  Isometric  contraction, 
p.  219.  Artificial  tetanus  of  human  muscle, 
p.  221.  Natural  tetanus  of  human  muscle,  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  221.  Spontaneous  con- 
tractions of  smooth  muscle,  p.  221.  Influence  of 
load  on  work  done,  p.  223.  Absolute  force  of 
muscle,  p.  224,  Time  relations  of  developing 
energy,  p.  226.  Elasticity  and  extensibility  of  a 
metal  spring,  p.  229.  Of  a  rubber  band,  p.  230. 
Of  skeletal  muscle,  p.  230.  Fatigue  of  skeletal 
muscle  of  frog.  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  232. 
Fatigue  of  human  skeletal  muscle,  Experiment 
1,  p.  23.3. 

Students  better  prepared  than  the  average  will 
finish  the  experiments  on  muscle  and  nerve  in 
less  than  the  prescribed  time.  Such  men  may 
perform  the  additional  experiments  on  muscle 
and  nerve  provided  below. 


20  physiology  at  harvard 

Additional  Experiments  on  Muscle  and 
Nerve 

[^To  be  begun  only  in  case  the  first  list  is  finished  in  less 
than  the  prescribed  five  weeks.  These  additions  comprise  the 
experiments  in  "An  Introduction  to  Physiology,"  Part  I,  not 
included  in  the  first  list.]] 

Methods  of  Electrical  Stimulation.  —  Surface 
tension,  p.  15.  Surface  tension  altered  by  elec- 
trical energy,  p.  16.  The  cell,  p.  21.  Electrolysis 
of  potassium  iodide,  p.  27.  Graduation  of  the 
electrometer,  p..  28.  Magnetic  induction,  p.  30. 
Magnetic  field ;  lines  of  force,  p.  33.  To  pro- 
duce electric  induction,  the  lines  of  magnetic 
force  must  be  cut  by  the  circuit,  p.  33.  Elec- 
tromagnetic induction,  p.  33.  Make  and  break 
induction,  p.  34.  The  inductorium,  pp.  35-37. 
Empirical  graduation  of  inductorium,  p.  38.  The 
extra  currents  at  the  opening  and  closing  of  the 
primary  current,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  41-42. 
Induction  in  nerves,  p.  43.  Unipolar  induction. 
Experiments  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6,  pp.  44-49. 
Changes  in  intensity  of  stimulus  with  indirect 
stimulation,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  63-64. 
Polar  stimulation  of  muscle.  Experiments  1,  2,  3, 
and  4,  pp.  65-67.  Polar  stimulation  in  heart; 
monopolar  method,  p.  74.  Changes  in  irritability, 
Experiments  2  and  3,  pp.  79-81.  Changes  in 
conductivity.  Experiment  1,  p.  82.  Galvanotro- 
pism,  p.  98.  Influence  of  duration  of  stimulus. 
Experiments  1,  3,  4,  and  5,  pp.  100-102.  PJiyth- 
mic  contraction ;  skeletal  muscle,  p.  104.  Con- 
tinuous galvanic  stimulation  of  nerve  may  cause 
the  periodic  discharge  of  nerve  impulses,  pp.  105- 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  21 

106.  Polarization  current;  positive  variation, 
p.  107.  Opening  and  closing  tetanus,  Experi- 
ments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  108-110.  Polar  excita- 
tion ill  injured  muscle,  p.  112.  Polar  inhibition 
in  veratrinized  muscle,  p.  116.  Stimulation 
affected  by  the  form  of  the  muscle,  p.  117. 
Effect  of  the  angle  at  which  the  current  lines 
cut  the  muscle  fibres,  p.  118.  The  induced  cur- 
rent, Experiments  1,  3,  and  4,  pp.  119-121. 
Polar  stimulation  by  tlie  induced  current.  Ex- 
periment 2,  p.  120. 

Chemical  and  Mechanical  Stimulation.  —  Idio- 
muscular  contraction,  p.  127. 

Irritability  and  Conductivity.  —  Nerve-free  mus- 
cle, p.  130.  Muscle  with  nerves  degenerated,  p. 
131.  The  nerve-free  embryo  heart,  p.  131.  Irri- 
tability and  conductivity  are  separate  properties 
of  nerve.  Experiment  1,  p.  134.  Alcohol,  Experi- 
ment 2,  p.  136.  Threshold  value  independent  of 
load,  p.  138.  Eelative  excitability  of  flexor  and 
extensor  nerve  fibres  ;  Eitter-Eollett  phenomenon, 
p.  139.  Specific  irritability  of  nerve  greater  than 
that  of  muscle,  p.  141.  Irritability  at  different 
points  of  same  nerve,  p.  142.  The  excitation  wave 
remains  in  the  muscle  or  nerve  fibre  in  which  it 
starts,  p.  143.  The  same  nerve  fibre  may  con- 
duct impulses  both  centripetally  and  centrifugally, 
Experiment  2,  p.  145. 

The  Electromotive  Phenomena  of  Muscle  and 
Nerve.  — Demarcation  current  of  muscle,  Experi- 
ment 2,  p.  151.  Oblique  section,  p.  152.  Stimu- 
lation by  demarcation  current.  Experiments  2,  3, 
and  4,  pp.  154-155.  Interference  between  the 
demarcation  current  and  a  stimulating  current ; 


22  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAHYARD 

polar  refusal,  p.  155.  Measurement  of  electro- 
motive force  of  demarcation  current,  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  157.  Nerve  may  be  stimulated  by  its 
own  demarcation  current,  p.  160.  The  action 
current  in  tetanus;  stroboscopic  method,  p.  168. 
Eheoscopic  muscle  tetanus,  p.  169.  Action  cur- 
rent of  human  muscle,  p.  172.  Action  current  of 
heart;  the  action  current  precedes  the  contrac- 
tion, p.  174.  Current  of  action  of  human  heart, 
p.  175.  Action  current  of  nerve.  Experiments  1 
and  2,  pp.  178  and  179.  Positive  variation,  p.  179. 
Positive  after  current,  p.  180.  Contraction  secured 
with  a  weaker  stimulus  than  negative  variation, 
p.  180.  Current  of  action  in  optic  nerve,  p.  181. 
Errors  from  unipolar  stimulation,  p.  183.  Nega- 
tive variation  of  secretion  current,  p.  184.  Elec- 
trotonic  currents,  p.  186.  Negative  variation  of 
electrotonic  currents  ;  positive  variation  (polari- 
zation increment)  of  polarizing  current,  p.  188. 
The  electrotonic  current  as  a  stimulus,  p.  191. 
Paradoxical  contraction,  p.  191. 

The  Change  in  Form.  —  Relation  of  strength  of 
stimulus  to  form  of  contraction  w^ave,  p.  203. 
Influence  of  veratrine  on  the  form  of  the  con- 
traction, p.  208.  Muscle  sound,  Experiments  1, 
2,  3,  4,  and  5,  pp.  211-214.  Relation  of  shorten- 
ing in  a  single  contraction  to  shortening  in 
tetanus.  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  215-217. 
Simple  contraction  of  smooth  muscle,  p.  222. 
Tetanus  of  smooth  muscle,  p.  223.  Total  work 
done ;  the  work  adder,  p.  224.  Total  work  done 
estimated  by  muscle  curve,  p.  226.  Extensi- 
bility increased  in  tetanus,  p.  231.  Fatigue  of 
skeletal  muscle  of   frog.  Experiment  3,  p.  233. 


TIIR   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  23 

Fati;:^ue  of  human  skeletal  muscle,  Experiment  2, 
p.  234. 


.-1 


Spinal  Cokd  and  Brain 

The    spinal   cord   a    seat   of    simple    reflexes, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  1.     Influence  of  afferent 
impulses  on  reflex  action,  p.  2.     Threshold  value 
lower  in  end  organ  than  in  nerv^e  trunk,  Experi- 
ments 1  and  2,  pp.  2  and  3.     Summation  of  affer- 
ent impulses,   p.  3.     Segmental   aiTangement  of 
reflex  apparatus,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  4.     Re- 
flexes in  man  ;  from  the  skin,  p.  5.     Cornea  reflex, 
p.  5.     Throat  reHex,  p.  6.     Pupil  light-reflex,  p.  6. 
Consensual  reflex,  p.  6.     Accommodation  reflex, 
p.  6.    Knee  jerk,  p.  6.    Aukle  jerk,  p.  7.    Gower's 
experiment,  p.  7.     Eflect  of  strychnine  on  reflex 
action,  p.  8.     Eemoval  of  cerebral  hemispheres, 
p.  8.    'Posture,  "brainless"  frog,  p.  9.     Balancing 
experiment,  p.  10.     Eetinal  reflex,  p.  10.     Croak 
reflex,  p.  10.     Apparent  purpose  in  reflex  action, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  p.  12.     Eeflex  time,  p. 
13.     Eeaction  time,  p.  13.     Eeaction  time  with 
choice,   p.    14.      Inhibition    of   reflexes    through 
peripheral    afferent    ner%^es,    p.    15.     Inhibition 
through  central  afferent  paths  ;  the  optic  lobes, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  16.     The  roots  of  spinal 
ner\'es,  p.  17.    Localization  of  movements  at  differ- 
ent levels  of  the  spinal  cord,  p.  18.     Distribution 
of  sensory  spinal  nerves,  p.  19.     Muscular  tonus ; 
Brondgeests's  experiment,  p.  20. 

1  Expei-iments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students.     TMrd  edi- 
tion, 1903. 


24  physiology  at  harvard 

Sympathetic 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Cutaneous  Sensations  ^ 

Sensations  of  Temperature.  —  Mapping  of  hot 
and  cold  spots,  p.  21.  Outline,  p.  21.  Mechanical 
stimulation,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  21.  Chemi- 
cal stimulation,  p.  21.  Electrical  stimulation,  p. 
22.  Temperature  after-sensation,  p.  22.  Balance 
between  loss  and  gain  of  heat,  p.  22.  Eatigue, 
p.  22.  Eelation  of  stimulated  area  to  sensation, 
p.  23.  Perception  of  difference,  p.  23.  Eelatively 
insensitive  regions,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  23 
and  24. 

Sensations  of  Pressure.  —  Pressure  spots,  p.  2-4. 
Threshold  value,  p.  24.  Touch  discrimination. 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  26.  After-sensation  of 
pressure,  p.  27.  Temperature  and  pressure,  p.  27. 
Touch  illusion ;  Aristotle's  experiment,  p.  28. 

General  Sensations  ^ 


Tickle.  —  1.  Irradiation.  2.  After  image. 
3.    Topography.     4.    Summation.     5.    Eatigue. 

Pain.  —  1.  Threshold  value.  2.  Latent  period. 
3.  Summation.  4.  Topography.  5.  Individual 
variation.     6.    Temperature  stimuli. 

Motor  Sensations.  —  1.  Judgment  of  weight. 
2.    Sensation  of  effort.     3.    Sensation  of  motion. 

1  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students.  Third  edi- 
tion, 1903. 

2  Ibid. 


THE  FIUST-YEAR  COURSE  25 


Taste 


1 


1.  Threshold  value.  2.  Topography.  3.  Eela- 
tion  of  taste  to  area  stimulated.  4.  Electrical 
stimulation. 

Smell,  Hearing 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Physiological  Optics  ^ 

Introduction.  —  Construction  of  the  path  of  a 
ray  passing  through  a  prism,  p.  11.  Eefraction 
by  convex  lenses :  principal  focus,  Experiments  1 
and  2,  p.  14.  Estimation  of  principal  focal  dis- 
tance, p.  15.  Conjugate  foci,  p.  16.  Virtual  image, 
p.  17.  Construction  of  image  obtained  with  con- 
vex lens,  p.  17.  Eefraction  by  concave  lenses, 
p.  20.  Eefraction  by  segments  of  cylinders, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  20-21.  Eefraction 
through  combined  convex  and  cylindrical  lenses. 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  22-23.  Spherical  aber- 
ration by  reflection,  p.  24.  Spherical  aberration 
by  refraction,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  25-26. 
Dispersion  circles,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  27. 
Mvopia,  p.  28.  Hypermetropia,  p.  29.  Chro- 
matic aberration,  p.  30.  Aberration  avoided  by 
a  diaphragm,  p.  32.  Numbering  of  prisms,  p.  33. 
Numbering  of  lenses,  p.  33. 

1  Experiments  for  Han-ard  Medical  Students.     Third  edi- 
tion, 1903.  ,      .  •,     .    1 

2  An  Introd action   to   Physiology,    Part   IV,   Physiological 

Optics,  pp.  1-99. 


26  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

Refraction  iu  the  Eye.  —  The  eye  as  a  camera 
obscura,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  35. 

The  Schematic  Eye.  —  Cardinal  points  of  the 
cornea  (^System  A).  Construction  drawing  of 
System  A,  p.  38  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  39. 
Determination  of  principal  foci  by  construction, 
2,  p.  41.  Construction  of  image,  p.  41.  Cardinal 
points  of  the  crystalline  lens  {System  B).  Con- 
struction drawing  of  System  B,  p.  43.  Optical 
centre,  p.  44.  Nodal  points,  p.  45.  Principal 
surfaces,  p.  46.  The  point  s,  p.  47.  Principal 
points,  p.  48.  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  48. 
The  cardinal  points  of  the  eye  (^System  C).  Prin- 
cipal surfaces,  p.  49.  Xodal  points,  p.  51.  Prin- 
cipal foci,  p.  52.  Calculation  of  the  situation  and 
size  of  dioptric  images,  Constructions  1  and  2, 
pp.  54-56.  Pteduced  eye,  p.  56.  Belations  of  the 
visual  axis,  p.  61.  Visual  angle,  p.  62.  Apparent 
size,  p.  62.  Size  of  retinal  image,  p.  63.  Acute- 
ness  of  vision,  p.  63.  Smallest  perceptible  image, 
p.  64.     Measurement  of  visual  acuteness,  p.  64. 

Accommodation,  p.  67.  Scheiner's  experiment, 
p.  67.  Dispersion  circles,  p.  68.  Diameter  of 
circles  of  dispersion,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp. 
68-70.  Accommodation  line,  p.  70.  Mechanism 
of  accommodation.  Narrowing  of  pupil,  p.  71. 
Eelation  of  iris  to  lens.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp. 
72-73.  Changes  in  the  lens.  Experiments  1  and 
2,  pp.  73-75.  Measurement  of  accommodation. 
Ear  point,  p.  77.  Determination  of  far  point,  p. 
77.  Near  point,  p.  78.  Determination  of  near 
point,  p.  78.     Piange  of  accommodation,  p.  79. 

Ophthalmoscopy.  —  Picflection  from  retina.  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  82-84.     Influence  of 


THE   FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  27 

angle  between  light  and  visual  axis,  Experiments 

1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  85-86.  Intiuence  of  size  of  pupil, 
p.  86.  Intiuence  of  nearness  to  pupil,  p.  86. 
Ophthalmoscope,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  87. 
Direct  method.     Emmetropia,  Experiments  1  and 

2,  pp.  88-90.  Ametropia;  qualitative  determina- 
tion, p.  91.  Measurement  of  myopia,  p.  91. 
Measurement  of  hypermetropia,  p.  93.  Measure- 
ment of  astigmatism,  p.  93.  Indirect  method, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  94-96. 


Vision  ^ 

1.  Diagnosis  of  color-blindness.  2.  Mapping 
the  field  of  vision.  3.  Mapping  the  blind  spot. 
4.  The  yellow  spot.  (Additional  experiments 
will  be  announced  later.) 

Fermentation 

1.  Isolation  of  unorganized  from  organized  fer- 
ments (torula  ureae).  2.  Hydrolytic  action. 
3.  Eate  of  zymolysis  affected  by  {a)  temperature, 
(h)  chemical  reaction,  (c)  accumulation  of  prod- 
uct, {d)  concentration  of  enzyme,  (e)  condition 
of  material,  (/)  presence  of  salts.  4.  Specific 
action  {a)  ptyalin,  (b)  pepsin,  (c)  trypsin,  {d)  ren- 
nin,  (e)  steapsin,  (/)  fibrin  ferment,  {g)  amylolytic 
ferment  of  liver.  5.  Zymogens.  6.  Reversible 
actions. 

1  The  experiments  on  vision,  fermentation,  digestion,  blood, 
respiration,  and  metabolism  are  at  present  described  in  "  Exper- 
iments for  Harvard  Medical  Students."     Third  edition,  1903. 


28  physiology  at  harvard 

Digestion 

1.  Expression  of  stomach  contents.  2.  Length 
of  time  food  remains  in  the  stomach.  (Additional, 
experiments  will  be  announced  later.) 

Absorption.   Lymph 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Blood 

1.  Specific  gravity.  2.  Separation  of  morpho- 
logical constituents  from  plasma :  (a)  sugar  fil- 
tration, (b)  salted  plasma,  (c)  cooled  horse-blood. 

3.  Eelative   volume    of   corpuscles    and   plasma. 

4.  Hydraemia.  5.  Counting  red  and  white  cor- 
puscles. 6.  Estimation  of  haemoglobin :  (a) 
anaemia,  (h)  haemorrhage,  (c)  regeneration.  7. 
Freezing-point.  8.  Alkalinity.  9.  Permeability 
(resistance)  of  corpuscles.  10.  Haemolysis  :  {a) 
bloods  of  different  species,  (b)  peptone,  (c)  snake 
venom.     11.    Visible  changes  in  coagulation. 

Secretion 
[Experiments  will  be  announced  later.] 

Eespiration 

Mechanics  of  Respiration.  —  1.  Measurement 
in  millimetres  of  mercury  (with  artificial  scheme) 
of  the  intra-thoracic  and  intra-pulmonary  pres- 
sure in  (a)  inspiration,  (h)  expiration,  (c)  normal 


THE   FIRST-YKAR   COURSE  29 

respiration,  (d)  forced  respiration,  (e)  obstructed 
air  passages,  (/)  asphyxia,  (g)  couohing  and 
sneezing,  {h)  hiccough,  and  (i)  perforation  of  the 
pleura. 

Chemistry  of  Respiration.  —  Estimation  of  oxy- 
gen, carbon  dioxide,  and  water. 


Metabolism 

1.  Estimation  of  respiratory  oxygen,  carbon 
dioxide,  and  water:  (a)  in  quiet  respiration,  (h) 
during  muscuhnr  exertion.  2.  Nitrogenous  equi- 
librium. 3.  Effect  of  exercise  upon  nitrogenous 
metabolism.  (Additional  experiments  will  be  an- 
nounced later.) 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood  ^ 

Conversion  of  an  intermittent  into  a  continu- 
ous flow.  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  244-248. 
The  relation  between  rate  of  flow  and  width  of 
bed,  p.  248.  The  relation  of  peripheral  resistance 
to  blood-pressure,  p.  250.  The  curve  of  arterial 
pressure  in  the  frog,  p.  251.  The  effect  on  blood- 
pressure  of  increasing  the  peripheral  resistance  in 
the  frog,  p.  253.  Changes  in  the  stroke  of  the 
pump  f  inhibition  of  the  ventricle,  p.  253.  The 
effect  of  inhibition  of  the  heart  on  blood-pressure 
in  the  frog,  p.  254.  The  opening  and  closing  of 
the  valves,  p.  255.  The  period  of  outflow  from 
the  ventricle,  p.  256.    The  visible  change  in  form, 

1  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  II,  pp.  239-314. 


30  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

p.  257.  Graphic  record  of  ventricular  contraction, 
p.  258.  All  contractions  maximal,  p.  258.  Stair- 
case contractions,  p.  259.  The  isolated  apex ;  Bern- 
stein's experiment,  p.  259.  PJiythmic  contractility 
of  heart  muscle,  p.  260.  Constant  stimulus  may 
cause  periodic  contraction,  p.  260.  The  inactive 
heart  muscle  still  irritable,  p.  261.  Eefractory 
period;  extra-contraction;  compensatory  pause,  p. 
261.  The  transmission  of  the  contraction  wave  in 
the  ventricle;  Engelmann's  incisions,  p.  262.  The 
transmission  of  the  cardiac  excitation  from  auricle 
to  ventricle;  Gaskell's  block,  Experiments  1,  2, 
and  3,  pp.  263  and  264  Tonus,  p.  265.  The  in- 
fluence of  "  load  "  on  ventricular  contraction,  p. 
265.  The  influence  of  temperature  on  frequency 
of  contraction,  p.  266.  The  action  of  sodium,  cal- 
cium, potassium  in  heart  muscle,  pp.  266-268. 
The  heart  sounds.  Experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp. 
269-271. 

The  Pressure-Pulse.  —  Frequency,  p.  271.  Hard- 
ness, p.  272.  Form,  p.  272.  Volume,  p.  273. 
The  pressure-pulse  in  the  artificial  scheme,  p.  273. 
The  human  pressure-pulse  curve,  Experiments  1 
and  2,  pp.  274-275.  Low  tension  pressure-pulse, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  277.  Pressure-pulse  in 
aortic  regurgitation,  p.  278.  Stenosis  of  the  aortic 
valve,  p.  279.  Incompetence  of  the  mitral  valve, 
p.  280.     The  volume  pulse,  p.  280. 

The  Innervation  of  the  Heart  and  Blood-Vessels. 
—  Preparation  of  the  sympathetic,  p.  283.  Action 
of  the  sympathetic  on  the  heart,  p.  284.  The 
preparation  of  the  vagus  nerve,  p.  286.  Stimula- 
tion of  cardiac  inhibitory  fibres  in  vagus  trunk,  p. 
287.    Effect  of  vaf^us  stimulation  on  the  auriculo- 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  31 

ventricular  contraction  interval,  p.  289.  Irrita- 
bility of  the  inhibited  heart,  p.  289.  Intracardiac 
inhibitory  mechanism,  p.  290.  Inhibition  by 
Stannius  ligature,  p.  290.  Action  of  nicotine,  p. 
291.  Atropine,  p.  292.  Muscarine,  p.  292.  Antag- 
onistic action  of  muscarine  and  atropine,  p.  292. 
Inhibitory  centre  of  the  heart  nerves,  p.  292. 
Augmentor  centre,  p.  294.  Eeflex  inhibition  of 
the  heart ;  Goltz's  experiment,  p.  295.  Eeflex 
augmentation,  p.  296.  The  bulbar  vasomotor 
centre.  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  296  and  297. 
The  vasomotor  functions  of  the  spinal  cord.  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  and  3,  p.  298.  Effect  of  destruc- 
tion of  the  spinal  cord  on  the  distribution  of  the 
blood,  p.  299.  The  vasomotor  fibres  leave  the 
cord  in  the  anterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves.  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  300.  Vasoconstrictor  fibres 
in  the  sciatic  nerve,  p.  302.  Vasodilator  nerves, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  303.  Eeflex  vasomotor 
actions,  p.  304. 

Appakatus 

A  complete  list  of  the  articles  used  in  the  first- 
year  course,  including  the  additional  experiments, 
page  20,  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pages 
81-90. 

The  desk  assigned  each  pair  of  students  is  155 
cm.  long  and  61  cm.  wide.  A  ledge  7  cm.  high 
guards  the  farther  side.  At  one  end  are  placed 
a  locker  35  cm.  wide,  and  two  drawers ;  a 
single  lock  secures  the  three.  Xot  all  the  appa- 
ratus used  in  the  course  can  be  placed  in  the 
locker  and  drawers  at  one  time.     That  used  in 


32  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

the  earlier  chapters  is  issued  first  (see  Appen- 
dix, Form  G,  page  91).  From  time  to  time, 
articles  of  the  first  issue  no  longer  in  use  are  re- 
turned to  the  instructors  (see  Appendix,  Form  I, 
page  94). 

The  department  finds  it  advisable  to  maintain 
a  stock  of  apparatus  large  enough  to  enable 
broken  articles  to  be  replaced  at  once  from  the 
reserve.  Thus  the  student  is  not  delayed  while 
repairs  are  making;  moreover,  the  repairing  for 
the  entire  course  can  then  be  done  in  the  sum- 
mer, after  the  instruction  is  finished.  The  ex- 
pense, per  instrument,  is   thereby  diminished. 

Laboratory  Note-Book 

Each  student  is  required  to  keep  in  a  labora- 
tory note- book  an  account  of  his  own  experiments 
and  observations.  The  details  of  the  experiment 
given  in  the  laboratory  publications  should  of 
course  be  omitted.  Where  the  experiment  in- 
cludes a  graphic  record,  such  as  a  muscle  curve 
or  a  curve  constructed  upon  coordinate  paper,  the 
record  should  be  fastened  in  the  laboratory  note- 
book with  gummed  paper.  Diagrams  should  be 
employed  whenever  necessary,  but  time  should 
not  be  spent  in  needlessly  detailed  drawing  of 
apparatus.  The  note-books  will  be  collected 
every  Friday  and  examined  by  the  instructors. 

Conference 

The  conferences  are  held  in  Room  A  for  half 
an  hour  five  times  a  week  during  fifteen  weeks. 
They  are  devoted  to  questions  and  explanations 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  33 

concerning  the  work  of  the  course,  and  are  in  fact 
a  combination  of  recitation  and  lecture.  The 
matters  discussed  are  suggested  by  the  written 
tests  and  by  the  questions  placed  by  the  students 
in  question  boxes,  one  of  \vhich  is  set  in  each 
laboratory. 

AYritten  Tests 

The  written  tests  are  exercises  of  twenty  min- 
utes' duration,  held  daily  during  sixteen  weeks. 
On  Mondays  there  is  an  additional  written  test, 
an  hour  in  length.  In  all  cases  the  student  is  re- 
quired to  cite  the  experimental  evidence  for  his 
statement.  The  answers  are  written  upon  ruled 
paper  of  uniform  size,  24.5  x  19.5  cm.,  printed 
as  follows : 

Form  B. 

Harvard  ^rEDiCAL  School, 

Department  of  Physiology. 

Name r>ate 190 

Desk Room 


Each  day's  papers  are  filed  in  a  case,  in  which 
a  pigeon-hole  is  provided  for  each  student.  In 
the  lame  pigeon-hole  are  placed  in  their  turn 
the  student's  thesis,  laboratory  note-book,  and 
final  examination  papers,  constituting  a  complete 
record  of  his  work. 

The  written  tests  form  a  most  valuable  method 
of  instruction.  They  teach  the  student  to  state 
with  precision  and  brevity  the  experimental  evi- 
dence for  many  of  the  fundamental  conclusions 

3 


34  PHYSIOLOGY    AT   HARVARD 

in  physiology.  At  the  close  of  the  first  month  of 
instruction  men  whose  work  the  written  tests 
show  to  be  poor  are  personally  consulted  regard- 
ing their  difficulties,  often  to  their  great  benefit. 

The  following  questions  illustrate  the  written 
tests : 

State  experiments  to  prove  where  stimulation 
becjins  on  closure  of  the  oralvanic  current.  Ex- 
plain  the  difference  between  the  stimulating  elec- 
trodes and  the  physiological  anode  and  cathode 
in  stimulation  of  human  nerves.  What  is  the 
reaction  of  degeneration  ?  What  chemical  changes 
take  place  in  dying  muscle  ?  Draw  the  curve  ex- 
pressing the  absolute  force  of  muscle  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  phase  of  rising  energy 
and  state  how  it  is  obtained.  Mark  on  the  intra- 
ventricular pressure-curve  the  moment  of  open- 
ing and  closing  of  the  mitral  and  aortic  valves. 
Give  the  experimental  basis  for  an  explanation 
of  the  auriculo-ventricular  interval.  Describe  the 
action  of  the  vagus  nerve  upon  the  heart.  Give 
evidence  to  show  that  afferent  impulses  are  trans- 
mitted by  the  posterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 
What  evidence  is  there  that  the  fibres  passing 
through  the  white  ramus  communicans  arborize 
about  a  sympathetic  cell?  Cite  experiments  to 
prove  that  the  crystalline  lens  changes  its  shape 
in  accommodation.  Give  evidence  that  the  semi- 
circular canals  are  concerned  in  equilibrium. 
State  the  evidence  for  the  existence  of  hot  and 
cold  "  spots "  on  the  skin.  State  the  difference 
between  voice  and  tone.  Give  a  brief  account 
of  the  digestion  of  fat.  Give  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence of   internal  secretion.     What   proof  exists 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  35 

that  hoemoglobin  and  oxygen  are  in  loose  chem- 
ical combination  in  the  blood  ?  How  may  a 
nitrogen  equilibrium  be  established? 


Special  Demonstrations 

A  special  demonstration  is  given  every  Satur- 
day during  sixteen  weeks.  The  subjects  during 
1903  will  be  as  follows: 

Feb.  7.  (1)  Surface     tension      altered      by 

energy. 
(2)  Extra    currents  at   the   opening 
and      closing      of      the      primary 
current. 
"       14.    Eeaction  of  degeneration  in  man. 
"       21 .   Action  current  of  the  human  heart. 
"       28.    Electromotive  properties  of  an  "  arti- 
ficial nerve." 
March    7.    (1)  The  muscle  sound;  experiments 
of  Helmholtz. 
(2)  Total    work    done   by    muscle ; 
the  work-adder. 
"        14.    Stimulation  of  the  cerebral  cortex. 
"        21.    (1)  The    action  of    the   sympathetic 
on    the    smooth    muscle     of    the 
hairs. 
(2)  The  pigeon  deprived  of  cerebral 
hemispheres. 
"       28.    The    pigeon    with    severed    external 
semicircular  canals. 
April      4.    The  innervation  of  the  sphincter  of 
the  iris. 


36  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   ITAKVARD 

April     11.    Movements   of  the  stomach   and  in- 
testines. 
"  18.    The  flow  of  lymph  from  the  thoracic 

duct. 
May        2.    The   action  of    the  chorda    tympani 
and    the    sympathetic   nerves    on 
secretion      hy      the    submaxillary 
o;land. 
"  9.    The   action    of    the    vagus   and   the 

superior    laryngeal    nerves     upon 
the  respiratory  movements. 
"  16.  (1)  The  action  of  the  valves  in  the 

ox  heart. 
(2)  The  inhibition  of  the  mammalian 
heart. 
"  23.  (1)  The  action  of  the  depressor  nerve 

upon  the  vasomotor  centre. 
(2)  The    vasomotor     fibres    in    the 
cervical  sympathetic. 
30.    A  holiday. 

The  demonstrations  are  made  to  not  more  than 
ten  students  at  one  time.  Care  is  taken  that 
every  student  shall  see  the  experiments  clearly. 


Recitation 

A  recitation  is  given  weekly  during  fifteen 
weeks.  The  recitation  is  not  an  examination  ; 
its  only  purpose  is  instruction.  The  questions 
are  asked  in  an  order  that  will  systematically 
develop  the  subject  treated. 


the  first-year  course  37 

Theses  and  the  Eeading  of  Investigations 

Each  student  is  reqiiired  to  write  a  physiologi- 
cal thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken 
directly  from  the  report  of  the  original  investi- 
crators.  The  subjects  chosen  are  as  a  rule  such 
as  will  supplement  the  instructi(m  given  in  other 
ways.     In  1903  tifty  theses  will  be  discussed  by 

the  class. 

Each  student  is  also  required  to  prepare  from 
the  original  sources  the  bibliography  of  one  other 
subject,  and  to  verify  his  references,  so  far  as  the 
literature  is  accessible  to  him. 

Students  chosen  to  read  their  theses  are  further 
required  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  litera- 
ture of  three  other  subjects  in  the  list  to  be  dis- 
cussed by  the  class.  These  students  will  open 
the  discussion  upon  the  subjects  which  they  have 
thus  especially  studied. 

Before  the  beginning  of  the  course  the  follow- 
ing letter  of  instructions  is  addressed  to  each 
student : 


Form  C. 

IXSTRUCTIONS  FOK   THESIS 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

Boston,  February  2,  1903. 

Dear  Sir  :  —  ,      .  i 

In  the  first-year  course  in  physiology, 
each  student  is  required  to  write  a  physiological 
thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken  directly 
from  the  original  investigations.  As  many  of  the 
investigations  are  in  German  or  French,  you  are 


38  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

requested  to  state  upon  the  enclosed  card  (Form 
D)  whether  you  can  read  one  or  both  of  these  lan- 
guages. On  pages  -40-45  of  the  pamphlet  entitled 
'•  Physiology  at  Harvard  "  you  will  find  a  list  of  sub- 
jects for  theses  which  will  be  discussed  by  the  class 
in  1903,  and  a  second  list  of  subjects  for  theses  to  be 
written  but  not  discussed  during  the  present  year. 
Your  record  during  your  first  term  in  the  Medical 
School  assigns  you  to  the  {^'"cond}  list.  Your  sub- 
ject will  be  given  you  five  weeks  before  your  thesis 
is  due.  If  in  the  first  list,  you  will  find  references 
to  the  original  literature  of  your  subject  on  pages 
40-42  of  the  pamphlet  ''Physiology  at  Harvard." 
If  in  the  second  list,  you  will  receive  an  envelope 
bearing  the  subject  of  the  thesis  and  the  references 
to  original  sources.  The  names  of  the  Boston  and 
Cambridge  libraries  which  contain  the  physiologi- 
cal journals  and  other  sources  may  be  had  from 
the  "  List  of  periodicals,  etc.  currently  received, 
in  the  principal  libraries  of  Boston  and  vicinity," 
published  by  the  Trustees  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library.  Your  receipt  for  the  reference  card  will 
be  taken  (Form  Ej.  The  card  must  be  returned 
when  the  thesis  is  handed  in.  Your  assistance  in 
the  correction  of  errors  and  omissions  in  the  refer- 
ences will  be  much  appreciated. 

The  thesis  should  not  exceed  two  thousand 
words.  It  should  be  written  with  ink  in  a  Physio- 
logical Thesis  Book.  Every  statement  not  the 
writer's  own  must  be  accompanied  by  a  reference 
to  the  original  source,  giving  author's  name,  name 
of  journal  or  title  of  book,  year  of  publication, 
number  of  volume,  and  the  page  upon  which  the 
statement  appears.  The  thesis  should  begin  with 
a  brief  outline  of  the  problem  and  the  way  in 
which  investigators  have  attacked  it,  and  should 
end  with  a  summary  of  the  results  attained. 


THE   FIRST-YEAK    COURSE  39 

You  are  also  required  to  write  upon  Farm  B  a 
bibliography  which  you  yourself  will  prepare  from 
the  ••  Centralblatt  fiir  Physiologie,"  the  "  Jahres- 
bericht  fiir  Physiologie,"  the  reviews  in  the  "  Jour- 
nal de  physiologie  et  de  pathologie  generale,"  and 
the  original  sources.  The  subject  for  your  bibli- 
ography will  be  placed  upon  Form  E. 

Students  whose  rank  entitles  them  to  read  theses 
will  further  be  required  to  acquaint  themselves 
with  the  literature  of  three  other  subjects  in  the 
list  to  be  discussed  by  the  class.  References  to  this 
literature  are  given  on  pages  45-63  of  the  pamphlet 
"  Physiology  at  Harvard/'  The  subjects  assigned  to 
you  will  be  found  upon  Form  E.  Each  thesis  sub- 
ject, therefore,  will  be  studied  in  full  by  the  author 
of  the  thesis,  and  by  three  disputants.  When  the 
thesis  is  read,  the  three  students  who  have  each 
prepared  that  subject  will  open  the  discussion. 
Very  truly  yours, 

"W.  T.  Porter. 

Form  D. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Boston, 

Dear  Sir  :  — 

I  {ctn""'}  read  French  and  German.  My  prefer- 
ence of  subjects  for  a  thesis  is  as  follows  : 

1 

2 

3 

Very  truly  yours, 


40  PHYSIOLOGY    AT   HARVARD 

Form  E. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Departmest  of  Physiology, 

Boston,    

I    have   received   this  day  the  S^ences  for  the 

thesis  on 

This  thesis,  together  with  the  reference  card,  is 
to  be  delivered  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  later 
than 

I  have  also  been  notified  to  prepare  a  bibliog- 
raphy upon  the  subject 

This  bibliography,  written  upon  Form  B,  is  to  be 
delivered  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  later 
than  June  1, 

I  have  further  been  notified  to  prepare  for  dis- 
cussion the  original  literatures  of  the  three  sub- 
jects the  theses  upon  which  are  to  be  read  upon 

the  following  days  

(See  "  Physiology  at  Harvard,"  pages  45-63) 

(Signed)  

This  form  is  issued  in  duplicate.  The  student  will  retain 
one  copy. 

Theses  to  be  Discussed  ix  1903 

March  10.  The  physical  nature  of  protoplasm. 

"  11.  The  functions  of  the  cell  nucleus. 

"  12.  Tnfiuence  of  light  on  protoplasm. 

"  13.  Chemotaxis. 

"  14.  Phacjocvtosis. 

"  17.  Bacteria  in  health. 

"  18.  Xature  of  the  nerve  impulse. 

"  19.  Xature  of  muscular  contractility. 


March  20. 

(( 

21. 

(( 

24. 

« 

25. 

« 

26. 

(( 

27. 

<( 

28. 

<( 

81. 

April 

1. 

« 

o 

it 

3. 

it 

4. 

tc 

7. 

t( 

8. 

a 

9. 

t( 

10. 

(( 

11. 

<t 

14. 

i( 

15. 

(( 

16. 

tt 

IT. 

(I 

18. 

(( 

28. 

tt 

29. 

(f 

30. 

May 

1. 

(( 

2. 

a 

5. 

tt 

6. 

THE    FIRST-YEAPw   COURSE  41 

Ciliary  activity. 

The  neuron  theory. 

Xerve  cells  in  rest  and  activity. 

Trophic  nerves. 

Cross-suturing  of  nerves. 

Sensory  areas  in  the  cortex  of   the 

brain. 
Aphasia. 

Eeflexes  from  sympathetic  ganglia. 
Effects  of  mental  states  on  visceral 

functions. 
Theories  of  sleep. 
Accommodation  of  the  eye. 
Color  blindness. 

Function  of  the  semicircular  canals. 
Functions  of   the  upper   respiratory 

tract. 
Vowel  sounds. 
Locomotion. 
Ettect  of  food  on  the  nature  of  the 

digestive  secretions. 
Movements  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
Autodigestion  of  the  stomach. 
Absorption  of  fat. 

Absorption  from  the  peritoneal  cavity. 
CEdema. 
Haemorrhage  and  the  regeneration  of 

the  blood. 
Htemolysis. 

Physiological  effects  of  high  altitudes. 
Gland  cells  in  rest  and  acti\'ity. 
Elimination  of  poisons. 
Excretion  of  urea. 
Internal  secretion  of  the  pancreas. 


42  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

May  7.  Adaptation   of   organs   to   new    con- 
ditions. 

"  8.  Alcohol  as  food  and  as  stimulant. 

"  9.  Respiratory  exchange  in  the  lungs. 

"  12.  Origin  of  the  heart-beat. 

"  13.  Nutrition  of  the  heart. 

"  14.  Origin  of  glycogen. 

"  15.  Origin  of  urea. 

"  16.  Fever. 

"  19.  Hibernation. 

"  20.  Cerebral  activity  and  the  circulation. 

21.  Massage. 

"  22.  Artificial  parthenogenesis. 

"  23.  Natural  defences  of  the  organism. 

Theses  to  be  Writtex  but  Not  Discussed 
IN  1903. 

Nature  of  voluntary  muscle  contraction. 

Muscle  twitch  and  tetanus. 

Muscle  tonicity. 

Smooth  muscle. 

Muscle  work. 

Influence  of  heat  on  muscle. 

Muscle  fatigue. 

Heat  production  in  nerves. 

Eate  of  nerve  impulse. 

Chemical  stimulation  of  nerve. 

Nerve  degeneration  and  regeneration. 

Neuromuscular  spindles. 

Efferent  nerve  fibres  in  posterior  roots. 

Localization  of  neurons. 

Nerve-cell  connections  of  the  splanchnic  nerves. 

Functions  of  the  bile. 


THE    FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  43 

Cause  of  death  by  electric  currents. 

Knee  jerk. 

]\luscle  leverage. 

Functions  of  tlie  epiglottis. 

Inhibition. 

Absorption  of  proteids. 

Skin  absorption. 

Influence  of  nerves  on  intestinal  absorption. 

Diwstion  of  enemata. 

Phenomena  of  afjii^lutination. 

Transfusion  of  blood. 

Origin  and  fate  of  the  red  blood  corpuscles. 

Estimation  of  haemoglobin  in  blood. 

Fibrin  ferment. 

Specitic  gravity  of  blood. 

Origin  of  lymph. 

Secretion  of  foreign  substances  in  milk. 

Eelation  of  diuresis  to  the  circulation  in  the 
kidney. 

Relations  between  the  functions  of  the  spleen 
and  the  pancreas. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  thyroid  gland. 

Heat  production  in  glands. 

j\Iode  of  action  of  diuretics. 

Water  excretion  by  the  skin. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  kidney. 

Secretion  of  bile. 

Diuretic  action  of  sodium  chloride. 

Innervation  of  salivary  glands. 

Phvsiolosical  albuminuria. 

Function  of  the  supra-renal  capsules. 

Tea  and  coffee. 

Male  and  female  respiratory  movements. 

Cause  of  the  first  respiration. 


44  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Carbon  dioxide  excretion  by  skin. 

The  relation  between  high  temperature  and 
rapid  respiration. 

Cause  of  death  after  vagus  section. 

Poisoning  by  carbon  monoxide. 

Effects  of  compression  of  one  lung  on  respira- 
tory exchange. 

Seat  of  respiration  in  the  body. 

First  heart  sound. 

Eelation  between  the  heart-beat  and  the  con- 
stituents of  the  blood. 

Coordination  of  the  heart-beat. 

The  action  of  the  auriculo-ventricular  valves. 

Venous  pulse. 

Fibrillary  contractions  of  heart. 

Effects  of  closure  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

Intra-auricular  pressure. 

Semilunar  valves. 

Pulse  curve. 

Voluntary  control  of  heart. 

Negative  pressure  in  the  ventricles. 

Physiology  of  the  embryonic  heart. 

Influence  of  gravity  on  the  circulation. 

Action  of  the  vagus  nerve  on  heart. 

Depressor  nerve. 

Vasodilator  nerves. 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  lungs. 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  brain. 

Accelerator  nerve  of  heart. 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  intestine. 

Cerebral  circulation  and  intra-cranial  pressure. 

Vascular  conditions  during  sleep. 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  muscle. 

Venomotor  nerves. 


THE   FIRST-YHAR   COURSE  45 

Income  and  outgo  of  iron. 
Coloring  matters  of  the  body. 
Pielation   between  the  activity  of  muscle  and 
its  metabolism. 
Phosphorescence. 
Origin  of  uric  acid. 

Origin  of  the  oxalic  acid  of  the  urine. 
Metabolism  in  nerve  cells. 
The  effect  of  varnishing  the  skin. 
Compressed  air. 

The  effect  of  increase  in  the  oxvejen  tension. 
Effect  of  meals  on  nitrogen  content  of  urine. 
Xitrogen  equilibrium. 
Syntheses  in  animal  body. 
Relation  of  urea  excretion  to  muscle  work. 
]\Iechanism  and  innervation  of  the  spleen. 
Nitrogen  excretion  by  the  skin. 
Nature  of  sugar  in  blood. 
Heat  coagulation. 
Eecreneration  of  or^^ans. 
Relation  between  foetal  pulse  and  sex. 

Bibliographies  for  the  Theses  to  be 
Discussed  in  1903  ^ 

The  physical  nature  of  protoplasm.  —  KruxE,  '64, 
Protoplasma,  Leipzig.  Flemming,  "S2,  Zellsubstauz,  Keru, 
uud  Zelltlieilung,  Leipzig.  Schwarz,  '87,  Beitrage  zur  Biolo- 
gie  der  Pflanzeu,  v,  1.  Griesbach,  '9L  Pfliiger's  Areli.  1, 
473.  ScuAFER,  '91,  Proc.  roy.  soc.  London,  xlix,  193. 
Flemming,  '91-97.  Ergebn.  Anat.  u.  Entwick.  (Merkel  and 
Bonnet)  i-vii,  articles  "Zelle."  BCtschli,  '94.  Protoplasm 
and  microscopic  foams,  London.  Flemming,  '97,  Ztschr.  f. 
Biol.,  xxiv,  471-     Andrews,  '97,  J.  morphol,  xii,  supple- 

1  These  bibliographies  were  prepared  by  my  colleague  Pro- 
fessor Cannon. 


46  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARYARD 

meut.  Hardy,  "99,  J.  physiol.,  xxiv,  158,  288  ;  '99,  Proc. 
roy.  soc,  Loudon,  Ixvi,  95,  110.  Fischer,  '99,  Fixiruiiir, 
Farbuug,  uud  Bau  des  Protoplasmas,  Jena.  Wilson,  '00, 
The  cell  in  development  and  inlieritance,  second  edition.  New 
York.     Jensen,  '01,  Ptiuger's  Arch.,  Ixxxvii,  361. 

The  functdons  of  the  cell  nucleus.  —  Gruber,  '85, 
Biol.  Cbl.,  IV.  717;  v,  137.  Nussbaum,  '86,  Arch.  f.  mikr. 
Anat..  xxvi.  So.  Klebs,  'S?,  Biol.  Cbl,  vii,  161.  Hofer, 
'89,  Jena.  Ztschr.,  xxiv,  105.  Korschelt,  '89,  Zool.  Jahrb., 
Abth.  f.  Anal.,  iv,  1.  Verworn,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arcli.,  li,  1. 
HoDG!-:,  '92,  J.  morpliol.,  vii,  95.  Boveri,  '93,  Am.  nat,_ 
xxvii,  222.  Weissmann,  '93,  Tiie  germ  plasm,  a  theory  of 
heredity,  London.  Hertwig,  '95,  The  cell,  outlines  of  gen- 
eral anatomy  and  physiology,  London.  Mathews,  '99,  J. 
morpliol,  xV,  supple'ment,  171.  Verworn,  '99,  General 
physiology,  London.  Wilson,  '00,  The  cell  in  development 
and  inheritance,  second  edition,  New  York.  Lillie,  '02,  Am. 
j.  physiol.  vii,  412. 

Influence  of  light  on  protoplasm.  —  Downes  and 
Blunt,  '77,  Proc  roy.  soc,  Jjondon,  xxvi,  418.  Stras- 
BURGER,  '7S,  Jena.  Ztschr.,  xii,  551.  Engelmann,  '79, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xix,  1.  Speck,  '79,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol,  xii,  1.  Molescuott  and  Tubini,  '81,  Mole- 
schott's  Untersuch.,  xii,  266.  Engelmann,  '82,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  xxix,  387.  Loeb,  '90,  Der  Heliotropismus  der  Thiere, 
Wiirzburg.  Ward,  '92,  Proc.  rov.  soc,  London,  lii,  393. 
BucHNER,  '92,  Cbl  Bakt.,  xi,  7S1 ;  xii,  217-  Loeb,  '93, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  liv,  81.  Woodhead,  '96,  J.  path,  and  bact., 
iii,  70.  Harrington  and  Leaming,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol, 
iii,  8.  Towle,  "00,  Am.  j.  physiol,  iii,  345.  Parker  and 
Burnett,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol, 'iv,  373.  Yerkes,  '00,  Am.  j. 
physiol,  iv.  405.  Holt  and  Lee,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol,  iv, 
460.  Radl,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxvii,  418.  Holmes, 
'01,  Am.  j.  phvsiol,  v,  211.  Siiim,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol, 
vi,  459. 

Chemotaxis.  —  Appert,  '77,  Yirch.  Arch.,  Ixxi,  364. 
Engelmann,  '81,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxv,  285.  Stahl,  '84, 
B  )t.  Ztg.,  xlii,  145,  161,  187.  Pfeffer,  '84,  Untersuchuu- 
gen  aus  dein  botauiscben  lustitut  in  Tiibingen,  i,  363  ;  '88, 
ibid.,  ii,  582.  Aderuolt,  '88,  Jena.  Ztschr.,  xxii,  310. 
Leber,  '88,  Fortschritte  der  Medicin,  vi,  460.  Verworn, 
'89,  P.sychophysiologische  Protisteustudien,  Jena.     Suiange, 


THE    FIi;ST-YEAR   COURSE  '  47 

'90,  Bot.  Ztz.,  xlviii,  107,  124^  138,  155,  161.  Massart, 
'9i,  Bull.  ecad.  roy.  Belg.,  third  series,  xxii,  148.  Bucii- 
KER,  '90,  Sitz.  d.  Ges.  f.  Morpli.  u.  Physiol.,  Miiiiclipn,  vi, 
148.  Metscunikofp,  '92,  Le9oiis  sur  la  pathologic  coqi- 
paree  de  riuflannnatiou,  Paris.  Sicherer,  '96,  Miinch.  med. 
Woch.,  xliii,  976.  Vejnar,  '96,  Allg,  Wien.  med.  Ztg.,  xli, 
187.  Jennings,  '97,  J.  physiul,  xxi,  258  ;  '99,  Am.  j.  phys- 
io!., ii,  355.  Borland,  '99,  Cbl.  f.  inn.  Med.,  xx,  409. 
Garret,  '00,  Am.  j.  pliysiol,  iii,  229,  291.  Jennings  and 
Crosby,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi.  31.  Jennings  and  Moore, 
'01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  233.  Dale,  '01,  J.  physiol.,  xxvi, 
291. 

Phagocytosis.  —  Lawdowski,  '82,  Biol.  Cbl.,  ii.  264. 
Mltscunikoff,  '54,  Quart,  j.  micr.  sci.,  xxiv,  S9  ;  '84,  Virch. 
Arch.,  xevi,  177;  xcvii,  502;  '87,  ibid.,  cix,  176.  Baum- 
GARTEN,  '89,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xv,  1.  Wooduead  and 
otiiers,  '92,  i,  Brit.  med.  j.,  373,  492.  Metschnikoff  and 
SouDAREWiTCH,  '92,  Ann.  de  I'lnst.  Pasteur,  vi,  1.  Bordkt, 
'95,  Ann.  de  I'lnst.  Pasteur,  x,  104.  Thome,  '98,  Arch.  f. 
mikr.  Anat.,  Iii,  820.  Dembinski,  '99,  Ann.  de  I'lust.  Pas- 
teur, xiii,  426.  Hamburger,  '99,  Virch.  Arch.,  clvi,  375. 
Schumacher,  '99,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  liv,  311.  Bought, 
'00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  bioL,  307.  Kellogg,  '01,  Am.  nat.,  xxxv, 
363.     Heinz,  "01,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  Iviii,  576. 

Bacteria  in  health.  —  Ewald,  '79,  Lehre  von  der  Yer- 
dauunff,  Berlin.  Falk,  '83,  Virch.  Arch.,  xciii,  177.  Prank, 
'84,  Dent.  med.  Woch.,  x,  309.  Bienstock,  '84,  Ztschr.  f. 
klin.  Med.,  viii,  1.  Pfeiffer,  '85,  Deut.  med.  Woch.,  xi, 
500.  Sucksdorff,  '86,  Arch.  f.  Hyg.,  iv,  355.  Macfadven, 
'87,  J.  anat.  and  phvsiol,  xxi,  227  ;  '91,  ibid.,  xxv,  390;  '92, 
ibid.,  xxvi,  409.  Conn,  '92,  Science,  xix,  258.  Gillespie, 
'93,  J.  path,  and  bact.,  i,  279.  Nuttall  and  Thierfelder, 
'95,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxi,  109  ;  '96,  ibid.,  xxii,  62. 
Vaughan  and  Perkins,  '96,  Arch.  f.  Hyg.,  xxvii,  308. 
KuTTALL  and  Thierfelder,  '97,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.. 
xxiii,  231.  JuNDELL,  '98,  Skand.  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  viii,  284. 
Gillespie,  '98,  Natural  history  of  digestion,  Londou.  Gush- 
ing and  LiviNGOOD,  '00,  Contributions  to  the  science  of  med- 
icine by  pupils  of  W.  H.  Welch,  Baltimore,  p.  543.  Herter, 
'02,  Chemical  pathology.  New  York,  173. 

Nature  of  the  nerve  impulse.  —  Hermann,  '84,  Bio- 
logical memoirs,  edited  by  Burdou-Sauderson,  Oxford,  1887. 


48  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

KiJHNE,  '86,  Zlsclir.  f.  Biol,  xxii,  305.  Bcrnstein,  '88, 
Uiitersuchungeu  aus  dem  physiologischen  Iiistitut,  Halle,  i, 
59.  BoRUTTAU,  '94,  Ptiiiger's  Arch.,  Iviii,  1 ;  '94,  ibid.,  lix, 
47;  '96,  ibid.,  Ixiii,  145.  Heiiing,  '97,  Brain,  xx,  232. 
CyBULSKf,  '97,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xi,  529.  Werigo,  '99,  Pflii- 
ger's  Arch.,  Ixxvi,  556.  Boruttau,  '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
Ixxvi,  626.  Hkring,  '99,  Academischer  Vortrag,  Leipzig. 
Bl'dgett  aud  Green,  '99,  Am.  j.  phjsiol.,  iii,  115.  Strong, 
'03,  J.  physiol.,  xxv,  427-  Boruttau,  '01,  Pflager's  Arch., 
Ixxxiv,  309.  Werigo,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxiv,  547. 
Boruttau,  '02,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xc,  233.  Mathews,  '02, 
Science,  xv,  492. 

Nature  of  muscular  contractility.  —  Engelmann, 
'75,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xi,  432.  Hlirmann,  '79,  Handbuch  der 
Physiologic,  i,  241.  Montgomery,  '81,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
XXV,  497.  ScHAFER,  '91,  Interuat.  Monatschr.  f.  Anat.  u. 
Phvsiol.,  viii,  177;  Proc.  rov.  soc,  Loudon,  xlix,  193.  Pick, 
'93,  Pfliiger's  Arch,  liii,  606.  Engelmann,  '93,  Pfluger's 
Arch.,  liv,  lOS,  637-  Pick,  '93,  PflQger's  Arch.,  liv,  313. 
Engelmann,  '95,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  Ivii,  411.  Imbert, 
'97,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxi'x,  289.  M'Dougall,  '97,  J.  anat. 
and  physiol.,  xxxi,  539;  '98,  ibid.,  xxxii,  187-  Laulanie, 
'98,  Eiiergetique  musculaire,  Paris.  Verworn,  '99,  General 
physiology,  London.  Hardy,  '99,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London, 
Ixvi,  95.  '  Jensen,  '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxvii,  107.  Loeb, 
'00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  329,  383.  Bernstein,  '01,  Pfluger's 
Arch.,  Ixxxv,  271.     Loeb,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  411. 

Ciliary  activity.  —  Engelma>:n,  '68,  Flimmerbewe- 
gangiu,  Leipzig.  Wyman,  '71,  Am.  nat.,  v.  611.  Bow- 
ditch,  '76,  Boston  m.  and  s.  jour.,  xcv,  159.  Engelmann, 
'77,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  xv,  493  ;  '80,  ibid.,  xxiii,  505.  Gaule, 
'81,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  153.  Grutzner,  '83,  Cbl.  med.  Wiss., 
xxi.  7S8.  Martius,  '84,  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  456.  Just, 
'86-7,  Biol.  Cbl.,  vi,  123.  Kraft,  '90,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xlvii,  196.  Verworn,  '91,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  xlviii,  149. 
ScHAFER,  '91,  Proc.  rov.  soc,  London,  xlix.  191.  Jensen, 
'93,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  liv,  537.  Weinland,  '94,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  Iviii,  105.  Parker,  '96,  Bulletin  of  the  museum  of 
comparative  zoology  at  Harvard  College,  xxix,  113.  Ver- 
worn, '99,  GeneraVPhysiology,  London.  Berg  el,  '00,  Pflii- 
ger's Arch.,  Ixxviii,  441.  Lillie,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  v,  56; 
'02,  ibid.,  vii,  25. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR  COUKSE  49 

The  neuron  theory.  —  Torkl,  '87,  Arcli.  f.  Psychiat. 
u.  Nerveukraukh.,  xviii,  162.  Waldeyer,  '91,  Dcut.  med. 
Woch.,  xvii,  1213,  1244,  1267,  1287,  1331,  1352.  Cajal, 
'94,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  Loudon,  Iv,  444.  Golgi,  '94,  Duter- 
sucliuiigeii  ul)er  den  fciuereii  Bau  des  ceiitralen  uud  peri- 
plierisclicu  Nervensystems,  Jena.  Huber,  '97,  J.  comp. 
ueur.,  vii,  73.  Soury,  '97,  Arch,  de  nour.,  second  series, 
iii,  95.  Apatiie,  '97,  Mittiieiluufjen  aus  der  zoologischen 
Station  zu  Ncapel,  xii,  495,  748.  Held,  '95,  Arch.  f.  Anat. 
u.  Eutwick.,  396;  '97,  ibid.,  204.  Fish,  '98,  J.  comp. 
near.,  viii,  99.  Meyer,  '98,  J.  comp.  ueur.,  viu,  113,  249. 
Hellwig,  '98,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  239.  Barker,  '99,  The 
nervous  system,  New  York.  v.  Ruzicka,  '99,  Arch.  f.  mikr. 
Anat.,  Yin,  485.  Verworn,  '00,  Das  Neuron  in  Anatomie 
uud  Physiologic,  Jena.      Bosentual,  '01,  Biol.  Cbl.,  xxi, 

Nerve  cells  in  rest  and  activity.  —  Hodge,  '88,  Am. 
j.  psychol.,  i,  479  ;  '89,  ibid.,  ii,  376.  Korybutt-Daskiewicz, 
'89,"  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  xxxiii,  51.  Hodge, '91,  Am.  j. 
psvchol,  iii.  530;  '92,  J.  morphol.,  vii,  95;  '94,  ibid.,  ix 
449 ;  '94,  J.  physiol.,  xvii,  129.  Mann,  '94,  J.  anat.  aud 
physiol,  xxix,  100.  Eve,  '96,  J.  physiol.,  xx,  334.  Nissl, 
'96,  Allg.  Ztschr.  f.  Psychiat.,  Iii,  1147.  Pugnat,  '97,  C.  r., 
cxxv  736.  Hodge  and  Goddard,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol ,  ii, 
p.  xiii.  Wabrington,  '99,  J.  physiol,  xxiii,  112  ;  xxiv,  464. 
GuERiNi, '99.  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxxii,  62.  Muhlmann, 
'01,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  Iviii.,  231.  Halliburton,  '01,  The 
chemical  side  of  nervous  activity,  London.  Pugnat,  '01,  J. 
de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  iii,  183.  r^.^    f   a         a 

Trophic  nerves.  —  Lewaschew,  83,  Obi.  i.  a.  med. 
Wiss.  xxi,  193.  Joseph,  '87,  Virch.  Arch.,  cvii,  119. 
Mendel,  '88,  Neur.  Cbl,  vii,  401;  Samuel  '88,  Vircli. 
Arch.,  cxiii,  272.  Laborde.  '89,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol  126. 
Gley,  '91,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  173.  Gaule,  91,  Cbl.  t. 
Physiol  V,  689.  Eckhard,  '92,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol,  vi,  328. 
GaVle,  '92,  Cbl  f.  Physiol,  vi,  361 ;  '93,  ibid.,  vii,  646. 
Sherrington, '94,  J.  physiol,  xvii,  211.  Durdufi,  94  Cbl 
f  all''  Path.  u.  path.  Anat.,  V,  509.  Hofmann,  97,  Virch. 
ArclL,  el,  161.  Morat,  '97,  C.  r.,  cxxiv,  1173.  Morat 
and  DoYON,  '97,  C.  r.,  cxxv,  124.  Bikeles  and  Jasinski, 
'98,  Cbl  f.  Physiol,  xii,  345.  Abraham,  '99,  Arch,  t  mikr. 
Anat.,  liv,  224.  Head  and  Campbell,  '00,  Bram,  xxiii, 
353.  '      '  4 


50  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

Cross-suturing  of  nerves.  —  Flourens,  '42,  Re- 
clicrclies  expei-imeiitales  sur  les  proprietes  et  les  fouctions  du 
systeme  nerveux,  Paris,  p.  272.  Bidder,  '42,  Arch.  f. 
Aiiat.,  Physiol,  u.  wiss.  Med.,  102 ;  '65,  ibid.,  246.  ScHirr, 
'60,  J.  de  la  physiol.,  iii,  217.  Philipeaux  audVuLPiAN, 
'63,  J.  de  la  physiol.,  vi,  42i.  Rawa,  '85,  Arch.  f.  Physiol., 
296.  Reichert,  '85,  Am.  j.  med.  sci.,  Ixxxix,  146.  Howell 
and  HuBER,  '92,  J.  physiol.,  xiii,  335.  Langley,  '95,  J. 
pliysiol.,  xviii,  280;  '97,  ibid.,  xxii,  215;  '98,  ibid.,  xxiii, 
240.  Cunningham,  '98,  Am.  j.  pliysiol.,  i,  239.  Budgett 
and  Green,  '99,  Am.  j.  phvsiol.,  iii.  115.  Kennedy  and 
McKendricr,  '01,  Phil,  tr., "London,  cxc  (B),  127. 

Sensory  areas  in  the  cortex  of  the  brain.  —  Ferrikr 
and  Yeo,  '84,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  clxxv,  479.  Terrier,  '86, 
Functions  of  the  brain,  London.  Horsley  and  Schafer, 
'88,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  clxxix  (B),  1.  Sciiafer,  '88,  Brain, 
xi,  1.  GoLTz,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  li,  570.  Ransom,  '92, 
Brain,  xv,  437.  Sciiafer,  '94,  ii,  Brit.  med.  jour.,  189. 
MoTT,  '94,  J.  physiol.,  xv,  464.  Munk,  '96,  Sitz.  d.  konigl. 
preuss.  Akad.  d.  'VViss.,  Berlin,  1131.  Tiiomson,  '97,  Edinb. 
med.  j.,  xliii,  512.  Schafer,  '98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii.  310, 
GoLTz,  '99,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  Ixxvi,  411.  Bechterew,  '99, 
Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  supplement,  391.  Gorschkow, '01,  Neur. 
Cbl.,  XX,  1092.  Walton  and  Paul,  '01,  Brain,  xxiv.  430. 
Franz,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  viii,  1.^ 

Aphasia.  —  Broca,  '63,  Bulletins  de  la  societe  d'anthro- 
pologie,  Paris,  iv,  200;  '65,  ibid.,  vi,  377.  Wernicke,  '74, 
Der  aphasische  Symptomencomplex,  Breslau.  Hughltngs- 
Jackson,  '78-9,  Brain,  i,  304;  ii,  203,  323.  Lichtheim, 
'84,  Brain,  vii,  433;  '85,  Dent.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xxxvi, 
204.  Ferrier,  '86,  Functions  of  the  Brain,  London.  Ross, 
'87,  On  aphasia,  London.  Naunyn,  '88,  Biol.  Cbl.,  vii,  466. 
Starr,  '89,  Brain,  xii,  82.  Bateman,  '90,  On  aphasia,  or 
loss  of  speech,  second  edition,  London.  Dejkrine,  '92,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  biol.,  61.  Gowers,  '93,  Diseases  of  the  nervous 
system,  London.  Laplace,  '93,  Journal  of  nervous  and 
mental  diseases,  xx,  191.  Thomas,  '97,  C.  r.  soc  de  biol , 
951.  Thomson,  '97,  Edinb.  med.  jour.,  xliii,  512.  Bastian, 
'97,  i.  Lancet,  933,  1005.  Collins,  '98,  Genesis  and  disso- 
lution of  the  faculty  of  speech.  New  York.  Bishoff,  '99, 
Arch.  f.  Psychiat.  u.  Nervcnkrankh.,  xxxii,  730. 

Reflexes  from  sympathetic  ganglia.  —  Bernard,  '62, 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  51 

J.  de  la  physiol.,  v,  '100.  Scuiff,  '67,  Lefous  sur  la  pliysio- 
logie  de  la  digestion,  i,  284.  Sokownin,  77,  Hofniaiin  and 
Schwalbc's  Jalu-esbericlit,  vi,  87.  Nussbaum,  '79,  ibid.,  viii, 
64.  KoscnANSKY,  '89,  Cbl.  f.  d.  ined.  Wiss  ,  xxvii,  162.  Wek- 
THEi-MER,  '90,  Arch,  de  })li_vsiol.,  xxii,  519.  Nawrocki  and 
Skabitschewsky,  '91,  Ptiiigcr's  Arch.,  xlix,  141.  Fean- 
^ois-Franck,  '94,  Ai'cli.  de  physiol.,  xxvi,  717.  Langley  and 
Anderson,  '94,  J.  physio!.,  xvi,  410.  Huber,  '97,  J-  comp. 
neiir.,  vii,  73.  Courtade  and  Guyon,  '97,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol., 
792.  Langley,  '00,  J.  ])hysiol.,  xxv,  364.  Wertiieimer 
and  Lepage,  '01,  J.  de  physiol.  ct  patli.  gen.,  iii,  335. 

Effects  of  mental  states  on  visceral  functions.  — 
Darwin,  '73,  Expression  oi'  emotions  in  man  and  animal.^, 
Kew  York.  Lange,  '87,  Ueber  Geniiithsbewegungeii,  Leip- 
zig. Bernheim,  '90,  Suggestive  therapeutics,  Kew  York  and 
London.  Moll,  '90,  Hypnotism,  second  edition,  London. 
James,  '90,  Princi])les  of  psychology,  ii,  442.  Mosso,  '96, 
Fear,  London  and  New  York.  Binet  and  Vaschide,  '96, 
L'aunee  psychologique,  iii,  127.  Eibot,  '97,  The  psychology 
of  the  emotions,  London.  Cannon,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i, 
359.  Mosso,  '99,  Decennial  celebiation,  Clark  University,  p. 
396.  Lehmann,  '99,  Die  korperlichen  Aeusserungen  psy- 
chischer  Zustande,  Leipzig.  Leconte,  'GO,  La  cellule,  xvii, 
285.  Cannon,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  251.  Pawlow,  "02, 
Work  of  the  digestive  glands,  London. 

Theories  of  sleep.  —  Byfobd,  '56,  Am.  j.  nied.  sci., 
xxxi,  357.  Durham,  '60,  Guy's  hosp.  reports,  vi,  149. 
SoMMER,  '68,  Ztschr.  f.  rat.  Med.,  xxxiii.  214.  Hammond, 
'69,  Sleep  and  its  derangements,  Philadelphia.  Langlet,  '72, 
Etude  critique  sur  quelques  points  de  la  physiologic  du  som- 
meil,  Paris.  Pfluger,  '75,  Pfiiiger's  Arcl:.,  x,  468.  Cap- 
pie,  '82,  Causation  of  sleep,  Edinburgh.  Eabl-Hxjckhard, 
'90,  Neur,  Cbl.,  ix.  199.  Mackenzie,  '91,  Journal  of  men- 
tal science,  xxxvii,  18.  Manaceine,  '94,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol., 
xxi,  326.  Cajal,'95,  Arch.  f.  Aiiat.  u.  Entwick.,  367.  Lepine, 
'95,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  85.  Czerny,  '96,  Jahrbuch  I'iir  Kinder- 
heiikunde,  xli,  337.  Pilcz,  '97,  Wiener  klin.  Woch.,  x,  118. 
Howell,  '97,  J.  exp.  med.,  ii,  313.  Berger  and  Loewy, 
'98,  J.  de  I'anat.  et  de  la  physiol.,  xxxiv,  864.  Walden, 
'00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  124,  Brush  and  Eayerweather, 
'01,  Am.  j.  physiol ,  v,  199. 

Accommodation   of  the  eye.  —  Becker,  '64,   Med. 


52  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   IIARVArvD 

Jalirbiiclier  (Vienna),  xx,  1.  Smith,  '73,  ii,  Brit,  med,  i., 
657.  Norton,  73,  ii,  Brit.  med.  j.,  749.  Hoch,  78,  Cbl.  f.'d. 
med.  Wiss.,  xvi,  769.  Angelucci  and  Aubert,  'SO,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  xxii,  69.  B.\rrett,  '85,  J.  plivsiol.,  vi.  46.  Schoen, 
'87,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  224.  Morat  "and  Doyon,  '91,  Arch, 
de  physioL,  xxiii,  507.  Heese,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Hi, 
535.  TscHERxiNG,  '94,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvi,  40.  Schoen, 
'95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lix,  427-  Tscherning,  '95,  Arch,  de 
physiol.,  xxvii,  15S,  181.  Helmholtz,  '96,  Handbuch  der 
physiologischen  Optik,  Hamburg  and  Leipzig.  Hess,  '96, 
Arch.  f.  Ophth.,  xlii,  part  1,  288.  Crzellitzer,  '96,  Arch, 
f.  Ophth.,  xlii,  part  4,  36.  Heine,  '97,  Cbl.  f.  Phvsiol.,  xi, 
353.  Hess,  '97,  Arch.  f.  Ophth.,  xliii,  477.  Heine',  '98,  Cbl. 
f.  Physiol.,  xii,  417. 

Color-blindness.  —  Holmgren,  '75,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss., 
xiii,  231.  Jeffries,  79,  Color-blindness,  Boston.  Hering, 
'80,  Zur  Erklarung  der  Farbenblindheit,  Prague.  Stilling, 
'80,  Ueber  das  Sehen  der  Farbenbliudcn,  Cassel.  Preyer, 
'81,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xix,  1 ;  '81,  Pfiugcr's  Arch.,  xxv,  31. 
Woinis,  '86,  Le  daltonisme  chez  les  employes  de  chemins  de 
fer,  Paris.  Green,  '91,  Color-blindness  and  color  perception, 
London.  Abney',  '94,  Tyndall  lectures,  color  vision,  London. 
V.  Kries,  '96,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  x,  148,  745.  Pick,  '96,  Pflii- 
ger's Arch.,  Ixiv,  313.  v.  Kries,  '97,  Ztschr.  f.  Psychol,  u. 
Physiol,  d.  Sinnesorg.,  xiii,  295.  BuRcn,  '98,  Proc.  roy.  soc, 
IjOiidon,  Ixiii,  35.  Scripture,  '99.  Science,  n.  s.  ix.  771. 
Beck,  '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  ixxvi,  634.  Konig,  '99,  Ztschr. 
f.  Psychol,  u.  Physiol,  d.  Sinnesorg.,  xx,  326.  Burcu,  '00, 
Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  Ixvi,  204,  216. 

Functions  of  the  semicircular  canals.  —  Flourens, 
Recherches  experimentales  sur  les  proprietes  et  les  fonctions 
du  systeme  uerveux,  Paris,  p.  454.  Goltz,  '70,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  iii,  172.  v.  Cyon,  '74,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  viii,  306. 
Crum  Brown,  '74,  J.  anat.  and  physiol.,  viii,  327-  James, 
'82,  Am.  j.  otol.,  iv,  239.  McBride,  '83,  J.  anat.  and 
physiol.,  xvii,  211.  Sew  all,  '83,  J.  physiol.,  iv.  339.  Bagin- 
SKi,  '85,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  253.  Delage,  '86.  Archives  de 
zoologie  exper.  et  gen.,  second  series,  iv,  535.  Ewald, 
'87,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xli.  463.  Breuer,  'S9,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xliv,  135.  EwALD,  '90,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xxviii,  114. 
Kreidl,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ii,  119.  Girard, '92,  Arch, 
de  physiol.,  xxiv,   353.     Matte,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ivii, 


THE    FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  53 

437.  Betiie,  '94,  Biol.  Cbl,  xiv,  95,  503.  Lee,  '94,  J. 
phvsiol.,  XV,  311.  Lee, '95,  J.  plivsiol.,  xvii,  192.  Bueuer, 
'9/,  Pfliigoi's  Arch.,  kviii,  596.*  v.  Cyon,  "97,  Arcli.  f. 
Plivsiol.,  29.  LtK,  '98,  Am.  j.  phvsiol.,  i,  128.  DEJ.'^Nh.LLo, 
'99.  Arch.  ifal.  dc  l)iol.,  xxxii.  189^. 

Functions  of  the  upper  respiratory  tract  —  II.mit- 
MANN,  '77,  Arch.  f.  Phvi.iul.,  543.  Paulsen,  '82,  Sitz.  d.  k. 
Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  Wien,  Ixxxv,  part  3,  352.  Bosworth,  '84, 
Med.  record,  New  York,  xxvi,  365.  Stohr,  '84,  Yirch. 
Arch.,  xcvii,  211.  Fischer,  and  Penzolt,  "85-0,  Silz.  d. 
physikal.-med.  Soc,  Erlaiigen.  xviii,  7.  Aschenbkandt,  '86, 
Die  Bedeutuiig  der  Nase  fiir  die  Athniung,  "Wiirzburg. 
Kayser,  '87;  Pfliiger'.s  Arch.,  xli,  127.  Hill,  '88,  ii,  Brit, 
med.  j.,  615.  Spicer,  '88,  ii,  Brit.  nied.  j.,  017.  Macdoxald, 
'89,  Respiratory  functions  of  the  nose,  Boston.  Franke, 
'94,  Arch.  f.  Laryngol,  i,  230.  Schiff,  '95,  Klinische  Zeit- 
iiud  Streitfragen.  ix,  37.  Goodale,  '96,  Bost.  m.  and  s. 
jour.,  cxxxv,  457,  487 ;  '97,  Arch.  f.  Laryngol.,  vii,  '90. 
Mendel,  '97,  La  medeciue  moderne,  viii,  585.  Retht,  '00, 
Sitz.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  TA'ien,  cix,  part  3,  17.  Collier, 
'01,  Mouth  breathing,  London.  Zwillinger,  '02,  Pester 
medizinisch-chirnrs-isclie  Presse,  xxxviii,  14S. 

Vowel  sounds,  — Jenkins  and  Ewing,  '77,  Nature,  xvii, 
384,  423.  Cross  and  Blake,  '78,  Nature,  xviii,  93.  Jen- 
kins and  EwiNG,  '78,  Nature,  xviii,  167,  340,  394,  454. 
Auerbach,  '7S-9,  Nature,  xix,  122.  Preece  and  Stroh, 
'79,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc,  London,  xxviii,  358.  Bell,  '79,  Am. 
j.  otol.,  i,  163.  Jenkins  and  Ewing,  '79,  Harmonic  analysis 
of  certain  vowel  sounds,  Edinburgh.  Mills,  'S3,  J.  physiol., 
iv,  133.  Helmholtz,  '85,  Sensations  of  tone,  London. 
Hermann,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Iviii,  264.  Le  Conte,  '95, 
Science,  n.  s.,  ii,  189.  Mills,  '95,  ibid.,  n.  s.,  ii,  303. 
Mar.\je,  '99,  C  r.  soc.  de  biol,  933.  Samojloff,  '99, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxviii,  1  ;  '00,  Le  physiologiste  russe,  ii,  62. 
Bevier,  '01.  Nature,  Ixi,  467.  Scripture,  '01,  Am.  j.  sci., 
clxi,  302.     GELLfe,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  30. 

Locomotion.  —  Giraud-Teulon,  '58,  Priucipes  de  me- 
canique  aiiimale,  Paris.  Parow,  '64,  Yircli.  Arch.,  xxxi,  74. 
223.  KoxiG,  '73,  Deutsche  Zeitschr.  f.  Chirurgie,  iii,  256. 
Maret,  '74,  Animal  mechanism.  New  York.  Pettigrew,  '74, 
Animal  locomotion,  New  York.  Fick,  '79,  Hermann's  Hand- 
bucli  der  Physiologic,  Leipzig,  i,  part  2,  325,     Yierordt, 


54  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

'81,  Das  Gehen  des  Mensclien,  Tiibingen.  Allen,  '8S,  The 
Miiybridge  work  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadel- 
phia. PiscHER,  '90,  Arch.  f.  Anat.  u.  Entwick.,  101.  Keg- 
NAULT  and  Raoult,  '98,  Comment  on  marche,  Paris. 
Bradford,  '99,  J.  Bost.  soc.  med.  sc  ,  iii,  205.  Muybridge, 
'99,  Animals  in  motion,  London.  Ferrier,  '01,  C.  r.  soc. 
debiol.  721. 

Effect  of  food  on  the  nature  of  the  digestive  se- 
cretions.—  Beaumont,  'o3.  Experiments  and  observations 
on  the  gastric  juice  and  the  physiology  of  digestion,  Platts- 
burgh.  Heidenitain,  '79,  Pliiiger's  Arch.,  xix,  14:8.  Rosen- 
berg, '90,  Pflnger's  Arch.,  xlvi,  334.  Chischin,  '94,  Jahres- 
Bericht  liber  die  Portschritte  der  Thier-Chemie,  xxiv,  347. 
Chittenden,  Mendel,  and  Jackson,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i, 
164.  Chittenden  and  Richards,  '98,  Am.  j.  Physiol,  i, 
461.  ScHtJLE,  '99,  Therapeutische  Monatshefte,  xiii,  601. 
Wertheimer  and  Lepage,  '01,  J.  de  physiol.  et.  path,  gen., 
iii,  335.  Prouin  and  Molinier,  '01,  C.  r.,  cxxxii,  1001. 
Herzen,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxiv,  101.  Potapow-Pro- 
caitis,  '01,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xv,  141.  Bayless  and  Starling, 
'02,  J.  physiol.,  xxviii,  325.  Pawlow,  '02,  Work  of  the 
digestive  glands,  London. 

Movements  of  the  alimentary  canal.  —  Oesophagus  — 
Mosso,  '76,  Moleschott's  Unrersueh.,  xi,  327.  Kronecker 
and  Falk,  'SO,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  296.  Kronecker  and 
Meltzer,  '83,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  supplement,  328.  Cannon 
and  MosER, '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i,  435.  Stomach  —  Hofmei- 
ster  and  Schijtz,  '85,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol., 
XX,  1.  RossBACH,  '90,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xlvi,  296. 
V.  Mehring,  '93,  Verhandluugen,  Congress  fiir  innere  Medi- 
cin,  Wiesbaden,  xii,  471.  Moritz,  '95,  Ztsclir.  f.  Biol.,  xxxii, 
313.  Cannon,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i,  359.  Roux  and 
Balthazard,  '98,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxx,  85.  Moritz,  '01, 
Ztschr.  f.  Biol.,  xlii,  565.  Intestines  —  Mall,  '96,  Johns 
Hopkins  hospital  reports,  i,  37.  Nothnagel,  '98,  Die 
Erkrankungen  des  l)arms  und  des  Peritoneum,  Vienna,  i, 
Darmbewegungen,  1.  Grutzner,  '98,  Pfliiger's  Arch.  Ixxi, 
492.  Sabbatani  and  Fasola,  '00,  Arch,  itah  de  biol.,  xxxiv, 
186.     Cannon,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  251. 

Autodigestion  of  the  stomach.  —  Bernard,  '56,  Le- 
90ns  de  piiysiologie  experimentale,  Paris,  ii,  406.  Pavy,  '56, 
Guy's  hospital  reports,  ii,  260.     Harley,  '60,  British  and 


THE    FIRST-YEAR    COURSE  00 

foreign  mcdico-clururgical  review,  xxv,  206.  Pavy,  '03, 
Phil,  tr.,  London,  cliii,  161.  Schiff,  '67,  Pliysiologie  de  la 
digestion,  Florence  and  Turin,  ii,  297-  Pavy,  '67,  Guy's 
liospital  reports,  xiii,  49-i.  Edingku,  '82,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xxix,  247.  Frenzel,  '87,  Biol.  Cbl.,  vi,  681.  W.\rren, 
'87,  Boston  ni.  and  s.  jour.,  cxvi,  249.  Seurwald,  '88, 
Miincli.  nied.  Woch.,  xxxv,  739,  763.  Mattiies,  '93,  Beitr. 
z.  path.  Anat.  (Ziegler),  xiii,  309.  Coxtejeax,  '94,  Arcli.  de. 
physiol.,  xxvi,  804.  Fermi,  '94,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol,  viii,  657; 
'95,  ibid.,  ix,  57-  Otte,  '96,  Arcli.  de  biol.,  xiv,  695.  llu- 
ziCKA,  '97,  Wiener  niedizinisclie  Presse,  xxxviii,  332,  363, 
399,  431,  461,  495,  529,  593,  632,  664,  695,  731,  771,  831. 
Freund,  '97,  Wien.  klin.  Woch.,  x,  637.  Pforinger,  '99, 
Virch.  Arch.,  clviii,  126.  Frouin,  '00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol, 
747.  749. 

Absorption  of  fat.  — Gad,  '78,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  187. 
MuNK  and  Kosensteix,  '91,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxxiii,  230,  484. 
Harley,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xviii,  1.  Levin,  '96,  Pfliiger's 
Arch  ,  Ixiii,  171.  Moore  and  Rockwood,  '97,  J-  physiol., 
xxi,  58.  Cunningham,  '98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  209.  Pfluger, 
'99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxvii,  52l!^  Hamburger,  '00,  Arch, 
f.  Physiol,  433,  544,  554.  Pfluger,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
Ixxx,  128;  Ixxxi,  375.  Hofbauer,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
Ixxxi,  263.  Pfluger,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxii,  303. 
MuNK,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol,  xiv,  121,  153.  Friedenthal, 
'00,  Cbl  f.  Physiol,  xiv,  258.  Yolhard,  '00,  Miinch.  med. 
Woch.,  xlvii,  141,  194.  Henriques  and  Hansen,  '00,  Cbl. 
f.  Pliysiol,  xiv,  313.  Pfluger,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  ixxxvi, 
1 ;  Ixxxviii.  299.     Loeyenhart,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol,  vi,  331. 

Absorption  from  the  peritoneal  cavity. — Asciier, 
'92,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol,  xxix,  247.  Starling  and  Tubby,  '94, 
J.  physiol,  xvi,  140.  Orlow,  '95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lix,  170. 
Heideniiain,  '95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixii,  320.  Leathes  and 
Starling,  '95,  J.  physiol,  xviii,  106.  Starling,  '95,  J. 
physiol,  xix,  312.  Hamburger,  '95,  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  281. 
MuNK,  '95,  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  387.  Cohnstein, ''95,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol,  ix,  401.  Abler  and  Meltzer,  '96,  J.  exp.  med., 
i,  482.  Starling,  '98,  J.  physiol,  xxii,  p.  xxiv.  Meltzer, 
'98,  J.  physiol.  xxii,  198.  Mendel,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol,  ii, 
342.     Lesage,  '00,  C  r.  soc.  de  biol,  553. 

Oedema.  —  Cohnheim  and  Lichtheim,  '77,  Virch.  Arch., 
Ixis,  106.     Welch,  '78,   Virch.  Arch.,  Ixxii,  375.     Gart- 


56  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVARD 

SEU,  '83,  Wiener  med.  Pressc,  xxiv,  671,  701.  Fleischer, 
'84,  Sitz.  d.  pliysikal.-med.  Soc,  Erlangen,  xvi,  138.  Gross- 
MANN,  '87,  Ztsclir.  f.  kliu.  Med.,  xii,  550;  '89,  ibid.,  xvi, 
161,  270.  Heidenhain,  '91,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlix,  209. 
Grosz  and  Reichel,  '92,  Wiener  nied.  Presse,  xxxiii,  1780. 
Hambuuget?,  '93,  Beitr.  z.  path.  Anat.  (Ziegler),  xiv,  443. 
Starling,  '94,  J.  pliysiol.,  xvi,  224 ;  xvii,  30.  Knoll,  '95, 
Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.'Pliarmakol.,  xxxvi,  293.  Barlow,  '95, 
i,  Brit.  med.  j.,  634,  091.  Starling,  '96,  i.  Lancet,  1267. 
AsKANAZY,  '97,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  khn.  Med.,  lix,  385.  Loeb,  '98, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxi,  457.  Magnus,  '99,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path, 
u.  Pharmakol,  xlii,  250.  Carrion  and  Hallion,  '99,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  bid.,  156.  Baylac,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  bid.  519,  521. 
Albu,  '01,  Virclh  Arch.,  clxvi,  87- 

Haemorrhage  and  the  regeneration  of  the  blood-  — 
Neumann,  'SI,  Ztschr.  f.  khn.  Med.,  iii,  411.  Hosslin,  '89, 
Miinch.  med.  Woch.,  xxxvi,  815.  Howell,  '90,  J.  morphol., 
iv,  57.  LowiT,  '91,  Arch.  f.  niikr.  Anat.,  xxxviii,  524. 
Oppel,  '92,  Cbl.  f.  allg.  Path.  n.  path.  Anat.,  iii,  193,  241. 
Kiefer,  '92,  Medical  news,  Ix,  225.  Hall  and  Eubank,  '96, 
J.  exp.  med.,  i,  656.  Arnold,  '96,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxlv,  1. 
Pappenheim,  '96,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxlv,  587.  Eger,  '97, 
Ztschr.  f.  khn.  Med.,  xxxii,  335.  Salamonson  and  Madsen, 
'98,  Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pasteur,  xii,  763.  Schaumann  and 
WiLLEBRAND,  '99,  BcH.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxvi,  9,60.  Mathews, 
'99,  Am.  j.  phvsiol,  iii,  53.  Dawson,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv, 
1.  JoLLT,  'Oi,  C.  r.  soc.  de.  biol.,  1183.  Heinz,  '01,  Beitr. 
z.  pati).  Anat.  (Ziegler),  xxix,  299. 

Haemolysis.  —  Mosso,  '88,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Phar- 
makol, xxv,  111.  Ehrlich,  '92,  Ztschr.  f.  Hygiene  und 
Infectionskrankheiten,  xii,  183.  Peeiffer,  '96,  Deut.  med. 
Woch.,  xxii,  97, 119.  Pfeipfer  and  Kolle,  '96,  Deut.  med. 
Woch.,  xxii,  185.  Bordet,  '98,  Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pasteur, 
xii,  688.  Plimmer,  '98,  J.  path,  and  bact.,  v,  489.  Bordet, 
'99,  Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pasteur,  xiii,  273.  Tchistowitcii,  '99, 
Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pasteur,  xiii,  406.  Metschnikoff,  '99,  Ann. 
de  I'inst.  Pastenr,  xiii,  737.  Dungern,  '99,  Miinch.  med. 
Woch.,  xlvi,  405,  449,  1228.  Landsteiner,  '99,  Cbl.  f. 
Bakt.,  xxv,  546.  Ehrlich  and  Morgenroth,  '99,  Berl.  klin. 
Woch.,  XXXVI,  6,  481 ;  '00,  ibid.,  xxxvii,  453.  Krompacuer, 
'00,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt.,  xxviii,  588.  Wolf,  '00,  Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pas- 
teur,  xiv,  297.     Ehrlich,  '00,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  Loudon,  Ixvi, 


THE    FIKST-YEAR   COURSE  57 

424.  BoRDET,  '00,  Ann.  de  I'inst.  Pastour,  xiv,  257.  Bul- 
lock and  IIuNTKH,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt.  xxviii,  8G5.  Meltzeu, 
'01,  Med.  record,  N.  Y.,  Ix,  101.  Eiihlich  and  Morgenuoth, 
'01,  Berl.  klhi.  Wocli.,  xxxviii,  251,  569,  59S.  Uhlenhutu, 
'01,  Deut.  med.  Wocli.,  xxvii,  82,  2f50,  499.  Wassermann 
and  Sciiutze,  '01,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxviii,  187.  AVelcu, 
'02,  Johns  Hopkins  hospital  bnllctin,  xiii,  2S5. 

Physiological  effects  of  high  altitudes.  —  Muntz, 
'91,  C.  r.,  cxii,  29S.  Mlrcieh,  '94,  Arch,  de  Thysiol.,  xxvi, 
7G9.  GiiAWiTZ,  '95,  Berl.  klin.  Wocl;.,  x.\xii,  713,  740. 
Pick,  '95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ix,  589.  Sciiumeurg  and 
ZuNTZ,  '96,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  Ixiii,  461.  Oliver,  '96,  i.  Lancet, 
1782.  Weiss,"'96,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxii,  526. 
LoEwy,  '97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixvi,"'  477.  Schauman  and 
llosENQViST,  '97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixviii,  55.  Giacos.^,  '97, 
Ztschr.  f.  plivsiol.  Chem.,  xxxiii,  326.  Egger,  '97,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  path,  u^  Pharmakol.,  xxxix,  426.  Mosso,  '98,  Tiie  life 
of  man  on  the  hii?h  Alps,  London.  Meissen,  '00,  Therap. 
Monatshefte,  xiv,  84.  Jacquet,  '00,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xlv,  1.  Jolly,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  1039. 
Calcgareaxu  and  Henri,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  1037. 
Gaule,  '02,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxix,  119. 

Gland  cells  in  rest  and  activity.  —  IIkideniiain, 
'75,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  x,  557.  Langley,  '79,  J.  piiysiol.,  ii, 
261.  Langley  and  Sewall,  'SO,  J.  physiol.,  ii,  281.  Lang- 
ley,  '82,  J.  physiol.,  iii,  269.  Kuune  and  Lea,  '82,  Unter- 
suchungen  aus  dem  physiologischen  Institute  der  Universitat, 
Heidelberg,  ii,  448.  Heidenhain,  '83,  Hermann's  Hand- 
buch  der  Phvsiologie,  v,  381.  Dracii,  '89,  Arch.  f.  Physiol., 
96.  Langley,  '89,  J.  piiysiol,  x,  433.  Grandes,  '90,  Arch, 
ital.  de  biol,  xiv,  160.  Steinhaus, '92,  Arch.  f.  physiol, 
supplement,  54.  Majewski,  '94,  Internat.  monatschr.  f. 
Anat.  uud  Physiol,  xi,  177.  Banvier,  '94,  C.  r.,  cxviii, 
168.  Huie,  "'97,  Quart,  jour.  mic.  scl,  xxxix,  387 ;  '98, 
J.  physiol,  xxiii,  p.  vi.  Mathews,  '99,  J.  morphol,  xv, 
supplement,  171.  Garnier,  '00,  J.  de  I'auat.  et  de  la  phys- 
iol, xxxvi,  22  ;  'GO,  J.  de  physiol  et  path,  gen.,  ii,  539. 

Elimination  of  poisons*^^  —  Brunton,  '74,  Practitioner, 
xii,  408.  Lautenbach,  11,  Phila.  med.  times,  vii,  387- 
Hoppe-Seyler,  '77,  Physiologische  Chemie,  Berlin,  p.  314. 
Bouchard,  '86,  Gaz.  hebd.  de  med.  et  chir.,  xxiii,  205,  221 ; 
'86,  C.  r.,  cii,  1127.     Bkunton,  '86,  On  disorders  of  diges- 


58  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

tioii,  Loiidou,  201.  Bouchard,  '89,  Arch,  de  physlol.,  xxf, 
637.  Roger,  '89,  Gazette  iiiedicale  de  Paris,  vi,  295.  Hahx, 
Massen,  Xen'cki  and  Pawlow,  '93,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Phainiakol.  xxxii,  161.  Koger,  '96,  C.  r.  soc.  de  bid  ,  976. 
Arloing,  '99,  J.  de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  i,  249,  268. 
Claude  and  Baltuasard,  '99,  J.  de  pliysiol.  et  path,  gen., 
i,  495.  Maviet  and  Ardin-Delteil,  '00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol., 
982.  1013.     Brouardel,  '01,  Ann.  d'liyj?.,  xlvi,  481. 

Excretion  of  urea.  —  Meissner,  '66,  Ztschi-.  f.  rat. 
Med.,  xxvi,  225.  Grehaut,  '70,  J.  de  I'anat.  et  de  la  phys- 
iol., vii,  318.  Heidenhain,  '74,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  ix,  1. 
NussBAUii,  '78,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xvi,  139;  '78,  ibid.,  xvii, 
580.  Adami,  '85,  J.  physiol,  vi,  3S2.  Disse,  '92,  Kef. 
u.  Beitr.  z.  Anat.  u.  Entwick.  (Merkel  and  Bonnet),  Anat. 
Hefte,  ii,  141.  Sobieranski,  *95,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol,  xxxv,  144.  Baix  and  Edgecombe,  '99,  J. 
physiol.,  xxiii,  499.  Starling,  '99,  J.  physiol.,  xxiv,  317. 
Schwarz,  '99,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xliii,  1. 
Beddard,  '02,  J.  physiol.,  xxviii.  20. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  pancreas.  —  v.  Mering 
and  Minkowski,  '  90,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol., 
xxvi,  371.  Lepixe  and  Barral,  '90,  C.  r.,  ex,  1314;  '91, 
ibid.,  cxiii,  1014.  Hedox,  '91,  Arch,  de  Physiol.,  xxiii,  788; 
'91,  Arch,  de  med.  exper.,  iii,  341;  '92,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol., 
307;  '93,  C.  r.,  cxvii,  238.  Minkowski,  '93,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxi,  85.  Chauveau  and  Kauf- 
MANN,  '93,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  29;  '93,  C.  r.,  cxvi,  226. 
Hedon,  '94,  Arch,  de  phvsiol.,  xxvi,  269.  Kaufmann,  '94, 
C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  130,  254,  284,  669;  '95,  ibid.,  55  ;  '95,  C. 
r.,  cxx,  113;  '95,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvii,  266,  2S7,  385. 
Lepine,  '95,  C.  r.,  cxx,  139.  Weintr.aud,  '96,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxiv,  303.  Biedl,  '98,  Cbl.  f. 
Phvsiol,  xii,  624.  Domenicis,  '98,  Wien.  med.  Woch., 
xlviii,  1985,  2032,  2082.  Tuckett,  '99,  J.  physiol,  xxv, 
63.  Lepine,  '99,  C.  r.  soc  de  biol,  volume  jubilaire,  352. 
Lepine  and  Boulud,  '00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  723.  Lepine, 
'00,  C.  r.  soc.  de'biol,  1006.  Schultze,  '00,  Arch.  f.  mikr. 
Anat..  hi,  491.     Opie,  '01,  J.  exp.  med  .  v,  527- 

Adaptation  of  organs  to  new  conditions.  —  Remak, 
'74,  Berl.  klni.  Woch.,  xi,  601,  615.  Carpenter,  '76, 
Human  phvsiolo<rv,  eighth  edition,  4S5  ef  seq.  Xothnagel, 
'86,  Ztschr'.  f.  klm.  med.,  x,   208;   xi,  217.     Lorenz,  '86, 


THE    FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  59 

Ztsclir.  f.  klin.  Med.,  x,  545.  Barnes,  '86,  Brit,  gyiiaec. 
j.,  ii,  151.  IS'oTiiNAGEL,  '89,  Ztschr.  f.  kliu.  Med.,  xv,  42. 
Davenport,  '97,  Experimeiilal  morphology,  New  York,  i, 
acclimatizations.  Nicolaides,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xiv,  197- 
Kennkdy  and  McKenduick,  '01,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  cxc  (B), 

127. 

Alcohol  as  food  and  as  stimulant.  —  Dietl  and 
Vjntscugau,  '78,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xvi,  316.  Martin  and 
Stevens,  '83,  Studies  from  the  biological  laboratory  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  ii,  477.  Reich ert,  '90,  Thera- 
peutic gazette,  xiv,  73.  v.  Noorden,  '91,  Berl.  klin. 
Woch.,  xxviii,  554.  Strassmann,  '91,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xlix,  315.  MiuRA,  '92,  Ztschr.  klin.  Med.,  xx,  137-  Smith, 
'95,  Arch.  f.  Psycliiat.  u.  Nervenkrankh.,  xxvii,  968.  Ab- 
bott, '96,  J.  exp.  med.,  i,  447.  Chittenden  and  Mendel, 
'96,  Am.  j.  med.  scl,  cxi,  35,  163,  314,  431.  Wilmans,  '97, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixvi,  167.  Hodge,  '97,  Pop.  sci.  mo,  1, 
594.  Chittenden,  Mendel,  and  Jackson,  '98,  Am.  j. 
physiol.,  i,  164.  Sciieffer,  '00,  Arcli.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pliar- 
makol.,  xliv,  24.  Laitinen,  '00,  Ztschr.  f.  Hyg.  xxxiv, 
206.  At  water,  '00,  Harper's  monthly  magazine,  ci,  675. 
RosEMANN,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxvi,  307.  Lee,  '02,  Am. 
j.  physiol,  viii,  61.  Atwater  and  Benedict,  '02,  Memoirs 
nut.  acad.  of  sci.,  viii,  235.  Schmiedererg,  '02,  Grundriss 
der  Pharmakologie,  Leipzig.  Benedict,  '02,  Bost.  m.  and 
s.  jour.,  cxlvii,  31. 

Respiratory  exchange  in  the  lungs.  —  Nussbaum, 
'73,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  vii,  296.  Moller,  '78.  Ztschr.  f.  Biol., 
xiv,  542.  Weil  and  Thoma,  '79,  Yirch.  Arch.,  Ixxv,  483. 
Herter,  '79,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Cbem.,  iii,  98.  Pick,  '89, 
Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xvi,  21.  HtJPNER,  '90,  Arch.  f.  Phys- 
iol., 1.  Bohr,  '91,  Skaud.  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  ii,  236.  Wer- 
IGO,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ii,  321.  Fredericq,  '93,  Cbl  f. 
Physiol,  vii,  33.  Bohr,  '93,  J.  physiol,  xv,  494.  Loewy, 
'94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Iviii,  416.  Haldane  and  Smith,  '96, 
J.  physiol,  XX,  497;  '97,  ibid.,  xxi,  p.  xvi;  '97,ibid.,  xxii,  231. 
Smith,  '97,  J.  physiol,  xxii,  307-  Bohr  and  Henriques, 
'97,  Arch,  de  physiol,  xxix,  590.  Miescher  and  Jaquet, 
'97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxix,  470.  Harley, 
'99,  J.  physiol,  xxv,  33.  Aron,  '99,  Virch.  Arch.,  civil, 
550.  Magnus-Levy  and  Talk,  '99,  Arch.  f.  physiol., 
supplement,  314;. 


GO  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    IfAKVARD 

Origin  of  the  heart-beat.  — Ringek,  '80-'82,  J.  pliys- 
iol.,  iii,  195.  Dastiik,  '82,  J.  de  I'aiiat.  et  de  la  physiol., 
xviii.  433.  Pitrks,  '82,  Rev.  de  med.,  ii,  685.  Ringer, '83, 
J.  physiol,  iv,  29,  222.  Fano,  'S7,  Beitriige  zur  Physiolo- 
gie,  Carl  Ludwig  gewidmet,  Leipzig,  287.  Howell  and 
Cooke,  '93,  J.  ])hysiol.,  xiv,  198.  Kaiser,  '94,  Ztsclir.  f. 
Biol,  XXX,  279.  Engelmann,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ivi,  149. 
Langkndorff,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ivii.,  409.  Engelmann, 
'95,  PfUigcr's  Arch.,  lix.  309.  Kaiser,  '95,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol, 
xxxii,  1,  446.  Engelmann,  '96,  Pfliiger's  Areh.,  Ikv,  109. 
Porter,  '97,  J*  exp.  med.,  ii,  391.  Bottazzi,  '97,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  xxi,  1.  Hering,  '98,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxii,  171- 
Howell,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol,  ii,  47.  Greene,  '99,  Am.  j. 
piiysiol,  ii,  82.  Loeb,  '99,  Festschrii't.  tur  Pick,  Braiui- 
schweig,  p.  99 ;  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol,  iii,  327 ;  '00,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  Ixxx,  229.  Lingle,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol,  iv,  265. 
Howell,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol,  vi,  181.  Lingle,  '02,  Am.  j. 
piiysiol,  viii,  75. 

Nutrition  of  the  heart.  —  Gaule,  '78,  Arch.  f.  Physiol, 
29  L  Ringer,  '80-82,  J.  physiol,  iii,  195,  380.  Martius, 
'S2,  Arch,  l  Physiol,  543.  Ringer,  '83,  J.  physiol,  iv,  29, 
222 ;  '85,  ibid.,  vi.  361.  Hepfter,  '91,  Arcli.  f.  cxp.  Path, 
u.  Pharmakol,  xxix,  41.  Howell  and  Cooke,  '93,  J. 
physiol,  xiv.  198.  Martin,  '93,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  754. 
Albanese,  '93,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxil 
297.  Kolster,  '93,  Skand.  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  iv,  14.  Ohrn, 
'94,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxiv,  29.  Porter, 
'94,  J.  physiol, XV,  121.  Locke,  '95,  J.  physiol,  xviii,  332. 
White,  '96,  J.  physiol,  xix,  344.  Porter,  '96,  J.  exp. 
med.,  i,  49.  Magrath  and  Kennedy,  '97,  J-  exp.  med  ,  ii, 
13.  Pratt,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol,  i,  87.  Rusch,  '98,  Pflii- 
ger's Arch.,  Ixxiii,  535.  Hyde,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol,  i,  215. 
Baumgarten,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol,  ii,  243. 

Origin  of  glycogen.  —  Bernard,  '48,  C  r.,  xxvii,  249, 
253,  514;  '57,  C.  r.,  xUv,  578,  1325.  Salomon,  '74,  Virch. 
Arch.,  Ixi,  343.  Luchsinger,  '74,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  viii,  289. 
Wolffberg,  '76,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol,  xii,  266.  Bernard,  '77,  C 
r.,  Ixxxiv,  1201 ;  Ixxxv,  519.  Mayer,  '78,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xvii,  164;  '79,  ibid.,  xx,  55.  Musculus  and  v.  Meiiring, 
79,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  ii,  403.  Maydl,  '79,  Ztschr.  f. 
physiol  Chem.,  iii,  186.  Seegen  and  Kratscumer,  '80, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxii,  214;  '81,  ibid.,  xxiv,  467;  '81,  ibid., 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  61 

XXV,  165  ;  '82,  ibid.,  xxviii,  99.  Chittenden  and  Lambi-.bt, 
'84,  Studies,  laboratory  SlieflBeld  scicntitic  school,  iii,  171. 
riLUGER,  '88.  Pfliiser's  Arch.,  xlii,  U4.  Yoit,  '91,  Ztsclir. 
f.  Biol,  xxviii,  245".  Bial,  '93,  Pfliiucr's  Arch.,  Iv,  434. 
Paton,  '94,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  clxxxv,  233.  Cavazzani,  '94, 
Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxi,  447;  '95,  ibid.,  xxiii,  140.  Mosse, 
'96,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixiii,  613.  Zuntz,  '96,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol, 
X,  561.  KAUFMAxy,  '96,  Arch,  de  phvsiol,  xxviii,  151. 
Montuori,  '96,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol,  xxv,  144.  Patox,  '97, 
J.  pliysiol,  xxii,  121.  Sciiondohff,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
Ixxxii,  60.  Bouchard  and  Desgrez,  'CO,  J.  de  phvsiol  et 
path,  gen.,  ii,  237-  Blumintiial  and  ^Voulgemuth,  '01, 
Berl.  llin.  T\'och..  xxxviii,  391. 

Origin  of  urea.  —  Meissner,  '68,  Ztschr.  f.  rationelle 
Med.,  xxxi,  144,  234.  Munk,  '75,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xi,  100. 
Salkowski,  77.  Ztschr.  f.  phvsiol.  Chem.,  i,  1.  v.  Schroder, 
'82,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  n.  Pharmakol,  xv.  364.  Schondorff, 
'93,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  hv,  420.  Hahx,  Massex,  Xencri  and 
Pavtlow,  '93,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxii,  161. 
Richet,  '94,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  368,  525;  '94,  C.  r., 
cxviii,  1125,  Hl'^zer,  '94,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharma- 
kol, xxxiii.  164.  Kaufmanx,  '94,  Arch,  de  phvsiol,  xxvi, 
531.  ]S'encki,  Pa^wlow,  and  Zaleski,  '96.  Arch.  I  exp. 
Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxvii,  26.  Hofmeister,  '97.  Arch.  1". 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxvii,  426.  Xencki  and  Paw- 
low,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxviii,  215. 
ScHWARZ.  '98,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xli,  60. 
LoEwi,  '98,  Ztschr.  f.  phvsiol  Chem.,  xxv,  511.  Gottlieb, 
'99,  Arch.  1'.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xlii,  238.  Schon- 
dorff, '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxiv,  307,  357.  v.  Karltreu, 
'00.  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xlv,  58.  Gulewitsch, 
'00.  Ztschr.  f.  phvsiol  Chem.,  xxx,  523. 

Fever.  —  Eulenburg  and  Landois,  '76,  Yirch.  Arcli., 
Ixviii,  215.  Wegsciieider,  '77,  Yirch.  Arch.,  Ixix,  172. 
Walton,  '80,  Bost.  m.  and  s.  jour.,  cii,  553.  T\'ood,  '81, 
Smithsonian  contributions,  xxiii.  article  vi.  Zun'TZ,  '82,  Cbl. 
f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xx,  561.  Finkler,  '82,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxix, 
89.  Lilienfeld,  '83,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxxii,  293.  Ott,  '89. 
Brain,  xi,  433.  M.aragliano,  '89,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol,  xi, 
195.  White,  '90,  J.  phvsiol,  xi,  1;  '9L  J.  anat.  and 
phvsiol,  xxv,  374.  Bosenthal,  '91,  Biol.  Cbl,  xi,  566. 
Krehl,  '95,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path,  u   Pharmakol,  xxxv,  222. 


62  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

LoEWY  aud  HicHTER,  '96,  Yirch.  Arch.,  cxlv,  49.  Krehl 
and  Matthes,  "97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxviii, 
284.  Krehl  aud  Soetbeer,  '9S,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xl,  275.  Krehl  and  Kratzsch,  '98,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xli,  185.  Hutchison,  '98,  J. 
path,  aud  bact.,  v,  406.  Paton,  Dunlop,  and  Macadam, 
'99,  J.  phvsiol.,  xxiv,  331.  Krehl,  '02,  Ztschr.  f.  allg. 
Physiol.,  i.  Sammelreferate,  29. 

Hibernation.  —  Saissy,  '15,  Arch.  f.  d.  Physiol.,  xii, 
293.  Hall,  '32,  Phil,  tr.,  Loudon,  cxxii,  335.  Kegnault 
and  RtiSET,  '49.  Auu.  de  chim.  et  de  physique,  xxvi,  429. 
Aeby,  '74,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Plianuakol,  iii.  ISO.  Va- 
lentin, 76,  Moleschott's  Uutersuchuugcn,  xi,  149,  169,  392, 
450,  602.  Horvath.  '7S,  Verh.  d.  phvsikal-med.  Ges.,  AViirz- 
burg,  n.  F.,  xii,  139,  '79,  ibid.,  n.^F.,  xiii,  60;  'SO,  ibid., 
n.  F.,  xiv,  55.  Carlier,  '93,  J.  auat.  aud  phvsiol.,  xxvii, 
508.  Dl-bois,  '94,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  87,  219,  821;  '95, 
ibid.,  149.  Pembrey"  and  TThite,  '96,  J.  phvsiol.,  xix.  477- 
Patrizi,  '97.  Cbl.  f.  Physiol,  xi,  567-  Levi,  '9S,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol.,  xii,  S44.  Pembrey  aud  Pitts,  '99,  J.  phvsiol., 
xxiv,  305.  Monti,  '01,  Arch,  ital  de  biol.,  xxxv,'  292. 
Albini,  '01,  Arch.  ital.  de.  biol.,  xxxv,  294. 

Cerebral  activity  and  the  circulation.  —  Gley,  '81, 
Arch,  de  physioL,  xiii,  732.  Mosso,  'S4,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol., 
V,  130.  Roy  and  Sherrington,  '90,  J.  physioL,  xi,  85. 
Lewy,  '90,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxxii,  146.  Hill  and  Nabarro, 
'95,  J.  phvsiol.,  xviii,  218.  Bayliss  aud  Hill,  '95,  J. 
physiol,  xviii,  334.  Hill,  '96,  Physiology  aud  pathology  of 
cerebral  circulation,  Loudon.  Howell,  '97,  J.  exp.  med.,  ii, 
313.  Reiner  and  Schnitzler,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xxxviii,  249.  Spina,  '97,  "Wien.  klin.  Woch.,  x, 
1047.  Obersteiner,  '97,  Jahrb.  f.  Psychiat.  u.  Neur.,  xvi, 
215.  Cappie,  '98.  Brain,  xxi,  58.  Hill  and  Macleod,  '01, 
J.  physioL,  xxvi,  394.     Hunter,  '01,  J.  physiol.,  xxvi,  465. 

Massage.  —  Zabludowsry, 'S3,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss., 
xxi,  241.  EccLES,  'SO,  ii,  Brit.  med.  j.,  1211  ;  '89.  Practi- 
tioner, xliii,  241.  Bum,  '89,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xv,  248. 
Kleen,  '90,  Handbuch  der  Massage,  Berlin.  Graham,  '90, 
Treatise  on  massage,  New  York.  Maggiora,  '91,  Arch.  ital. 
de  biol.,  xvi,  225.  Castex,  '91,  Arch.  fjcu.  de  med.,  xxvii, 
278.  Bendix,  '94,  Ztschr.  f.  khii.  Med.*;  xxv,  303.  Brun- 
TON  and  TuNNiCLiFfE,  '95,  J.  physiol,  xvii,  364.     Eccles, 


THE   FIRST-YEAU   COURSE  63 

'95,  The  practice  of  massage,  London.  Leber  and  Stuwe, 
'96,  Berl.  klin.  Wocli.,  xxxiii,  337.  Dunlop,  Paton,  Stock- 
man, and  Maccadam,  '97,  J-  physiol.,  xxii,  G8.  Garratt, 
'98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  L50.  Edgecomb  and  Bain,  '98,  J. 
physiol.,  xxiii,  508  ;  '99,  ibid.,  xxiv,  48.  Hough,  '00,  Amer- 
ican physical  education  review,  v,  133,  Kuge,  '01,  Arch,  f, 
Physiol.,  4()C).  Hkgenek,  '01,  Ztsclir.  f.  Ohrenheilk.,  xxxix. 
299.  Ekgren,  '01,  Ztschr.  f.  diatetische  und  physikalische 
Therapie,  v,  191. 

Artificial  parthenogenesis.  —  Loeb,  '92,  J.  morphol., 
vii,  253.  Hertwig,  '93,  Die  Zelle  und  die  Gewebe,  i,  239. 
Morgan,  '94,  Anatomischer  Anzeiger,  ix,  141.  Norman,  '96, 
Archiv  fiir  Entwickelungsmechanik  der  Organismen,  iii,  106. 
Loeb,  '99  and  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  135,  434.  Morgan, 
'99,  Archiv  fiir  Entwickelungsmechanik  der  Organismen,  viii, 
448.  Loeb,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  178,  423.  Mathews, 
'00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  343.  Viguieh,  '00,  C.  r.,  cxxxi, 
63,  118.  Bataillon,  '00,  C.  r.,  cxxxi,  115.  Delage,  '00, 
C.  r.,  cxxxi,  1227.  Giard,  '00,  C  r.  soc  de  biol.,  761. 
Mathews,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  142.  Hunter,  '01,  Am. 
j.  physiol.,  vi,  177-  Loeb,  Fischer,  and  Neilson,  '01,  Pflii- 
ger's  Arch.,  Ixxxvii,  594.  Viguier,  '01,  C.  r.,  cxxxii,  1436. 
Greeley,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  296. 

Natural  defenses  of  the  organism.  —  Walter,  '77, 
Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  vii,  148.  Hardy,  '92, 
J.  physiol.,  xiii,  309.  Charrin  and  Cassin,  '95,  C.  r.  soc. 
de  biol.,  847.  Charrin,  '96,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  481.  Ja- 
cob and  Blumenthal,  '97,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  391.  Charrin, 
'98,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxx,  67;  '98,  Les  defenses  naturelles 
de  i'organisme,  Paris.  Buchner,  '99,  Miinch.  med.  Woch. 
xlvi,  1261,  1301.  Charrin,  '00,  J.  de  physiol.  et  |)ath. 
gen.,  ii,  284.  Richet,  '00,  Dictionnaire  de  physiologic,  Paris, 
article  "  Defense."  Meltzer,  '00,  Trans.  Congr.  of  Am. 
physicians  and  surgeons,  v,  12.  Ellinger,  '00,  Deut.  med. 
Woch.,  xxvi,  581.  Charrin  and  Levaditi,  '00,  C.  r., 
cxxx,  262.  Ehrlich,  '01,  Die  Therapie  der  Gegenwart,  iii, 
193.     Herter,  '02,  Chemical  pathology,  Philadelphia. 


CALENDAR 


Date. 

Systematic 

L.\BORATOKT 

Date. 

iim. 

Lectlres. 

EXPEKIMEXTS. 

1903. 

Feb.    3- 

1  (General  pliysiologv.    Dailv 

Gen.  physioloiiy,  includ- 

Feb.     3- 

Mar.    9 

conference. ) 

in^r  miiscle  and  nerve. 

Mar.   8 

"     10 

Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

9 

"     11 

•<              >• 

"                 " 

"      10 

"     12 

"              " 

<i                 <i 

"      11 

"     13 

n                          <> 

«                 << 

.1      i2 

"     16 

•  •                            <4 

<i                 11 

"      IH 

"     17 

n                            t< 

11                 11 

"      16 

"     18 

'•                               " 

11                 .1 

11      ^- 

"     19 

"                               " 

Cutaneous  sensations. 

"      18 

"     20 

"                                " 

11 

"      19 

"     'IS 

"                                " 

Tasts,  smell,  hearing. 

"     20 

"     24 

Sympathetic. 

t,                1.     " 

"     23 

"     25 

Cutaneous  sensations. 

t<                It 

"     24 

"     26 

Taste  and  smell. 

Physiological  optics. 

•'     25 

"     27 

Hearing. 

•* 

"     26 

'     30 

" 

<i                 11 

"     27 

"     31 

" 

<i                 <i 

"     30 

Apr.     1 

Vision. 

Tision. 

"     31 

"       2 

" 

Apr.    1 

"       3 

" 

"      2 

"       6 

Fermentation,      diges- 

"      7 

Voice. 

tion,  absorption,  lymph. 

8 

Speech. 

blood,  secretion,  respi- 

"      9 

Locomotion. 

ration,  metabolism. 

S 

"     10 

Digestion  and  absorption. 

"       6 

"      13 

"                 " 

11              11 

ti             Y 

"      14 

"                 " 

11             It 

8 

"     15 

"                 " 

•1             11 

9 

<'     16 

Lymph  and  blood. 

11              .1 

"     10 

"     17 

"             " 

ti             It 

"     13 

Recess. 

"              " 

"     14 

Apr.  27 

"             " 

"             " 

"      15 

"     28 

Secretion. 

•<              .1 

"      16 

"     29 

" 

"             " 

1.      17 

"     30 

" 

Recess. 

May    1 

'.' 

1* 

Apr.  27 
^'     28 

"       5 

Nutrition,  diet. 

11              II 

"     29 

"       § 

"            " 

It              It 

"     30 

"       7 

Respiration. 

11             11 

ZHay    1 

"       8 

•• 

Circulation. 

"       4 

"      11 

" 

" 

5 

"     12 

" 

" 

"       6 

"     13 

Metabolism  and  animal  heat. 

II 

It       « 

"     14 

"                   " 

II 

8 

"     15 

<<                   .1 

" 

"     11 

"     18 

•<                   << 

" 

"     12 

"     19 

Reproduction. 

" 

"      13 

"     20 

•' 

" 

"     14 

"     21 

" 

" 

"      15 

"     22 

•• 

« 

"     18 

"     2.5 

<i 

"      19 

•'     26 

« 

"     20 

"     27 

« 

"     21 

"     28 

" 

"     22 

"     29 

" 

"     25 

"     30 

Holiday. 

i< 

"     26 

Jane  1 

•< 

"     27 

"       2 

«i 

"     28 

"       3 

<i 

"     29 

"       4 

Holiday. 

"     30 

"       5 

Circulation. 

June  1 

Practical  examination. 

"      2 
"      3 
"       4 

THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  65 


Lectures 


The  accessory  data  not  already  provided  in  the 
h\boratory  work  upon  muscle  and  nerve,  the  cir- 
culation, and  physiological  optics  will  be  given 
in  the  conferences  held  during  the  experiments 
upon  those  subjects.  The  distribution  of  the  re- 
maining didactic  exercises  is  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying calendar. 

The  calendar  shows  that  the  lectures  are  de- 
livered after  the  subject  of  the  lecture  has  been 
studied  in  the  laboratory.  The  lectures  accord- 
ingly are  not  elementary.  The  elements  the 
student  has  already  learned  from  his  own  ex- 
periments and  their  accessory  data.  It  is  the 
function  of  the  lecturer  to  discuss  the  student's 
observations  and  to  collate  them  with  the  work 
of  other  observers.  The  lectures  are  held  at 
nine  o'clock,  the  hour  most  favorable  for  this 
purpose.  They  are  of  thirty  minutes'  duration. 
Experience  shows  that  a  carefully  planned  lec- 
ture of  thirty  minutes  may  be  as  effective  as  one 
of  forty-five  or  sixty  minutes. 

Optional  Lectures 

The  optional  lectures  are  discussions  of  origi- 
nal investigations  which  the  lecturer  himself  has 
made.     The  list  for  1903  is  as  follows : 

At  8.30  A.M. 

May  12     Prof.  Cannon.       Movement  of  the  food 

in  the  oesophagus. 
«     13        «  «  Movement  of  the  food 

in  the  stomach. 


66  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 

May  14        "  "  Movement  of  the  food 

ill  the  intestines, 

"     15        "  "  Directive  influence  of 

light  on  organisms. 

"18         "  "  Cerebral  pressure. 

"     19     Dr.  Maxwell.        Voluntary  control    of 

the  muscles  of  the 
hairs. 

"     20     Prof.  Porter.         Path     of    respiratory 

impulse. 

"21         "  "  Relation    of    physical 

development  to  suc- 
cess in  public  school 
life. 

"     22        "  "  Eesult  of  closure  of  the 

coronary  arteries. 

"     25        "  "  Filling  of  the  heart. 

"     26        "  "  New  method  for  study 

of  intracardiac  pres- 
sure. 

"     27        "  "  Cause    of    the    heart- 

beat. 

"     28        "  "  Influence  of  the  heart- 

beat on  the  flow  of 
blood  through  the 
walls  of  the  heart. 

"29        "  "  The  pulse. 

Special  Experimental  Work 

Durhig  the  last  two  weeks  of  the  course  stu- 
dents who  have  performed  the  regular  laboratory 
work  with  distinction  may  elect  to  perform  special 
experimental   work.     Each   student  is  provided 


THE    FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  G7 

with  a  sufficiently  circumscribed  subject,  the  orig- 
inal sources,  a  method,  and  the  necessary  appa- 
ratus. With  this  careful  preparation,  many  of 
the  fundamental  discoveries  in  the  subject  chosen 
may  be  repeated  and  the  general  plan  of  work 
pursued  by  all  students  of  biological  science  may 
be  acquired. 


Examinations 

In  order  to  receive  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  the  student  must  have  demonstrated 
to  the  Department  of  Physiology  that  his  train- 
ing in  this  subject  is  satisfactory.  The  character 
of  the  student's  work  during  the  four  months  of 
his  instruction  counts  materially  toward  his  final 
grade.  At  the  end  of  the  term  two  formal  ex- 
aminations are  held,  one  of  which  is  practical, 
while  the  second  is  written.  Candidates  failing 
in  the  June  examination  may  be  re-examined  in 
September.  The  practical  examination,  as  is 
natural  in  an  experimental  science,  grows  in  im- 
portance each  year.  The  student  is  required  to 
perform  four  out  of  six  experiments  assigned  him 
by  lot.  He  is  examined  during  two  half-days, 
receiving  each  day  three  experiments,  from  which 
he  must  choose  two.  The  character  of  this  test 
will  be  understood  from  the  following  instruc- 
tions to  students  and  the  list  of  experiments 
assigned  in  June,  1901. 


68  PHYSIOLOGY   AT  HARVARD 


Department  of  Physiology,  Practical 
Examination,  June  3,  4,  5,  6,  1901 

NOTICE 

Each  stuclent  will  perform  four  of  the  six  ex- 
periments bearing  his  number.  In  each  case  he 
will  write  on  one  of  the  blank  forms  furnished 
herewith  the  problem  selected  and  an  account  of 
his  results.  Necessary  apparatus  not  already  in 
the  locker  may  be  obtained  by  presenting  a  signed 
requisition.  Where  the  results  of  the  experiment 
are  not  expressed  in  a  graphic  record,  they  must 
be  demonstrated  to  one  of  the  instructors,  who  will 
then  countersign  the  student's  account  of  the  ex- 
periment. Graphic  records  must  be  marked  plainly 
with  the  student's  name,  placed  in  a  shellacking- 
frame,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  student's  work, 
handed  to  one  of  the  Staff,  together  with  all  three 
of  the  problems  suggested.  No  student  may  leave 
his  desk  until  his  examination  is  finished. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  69 


rRACTICAL  EXAMINATION   IN  PHYSIOLOGY 

[^Eacli  student  is  required  to  make  four  of  the  six  experi- 
meuts  beai-iug  bis  number,  and  to  write  an  account  of  liis 
observations  on  the  blank  furnished  herewith.  Wbere  tlie 
results  of  the  experiments  are  not  expressed  in  a  graphic 
record  they  must  be  demonstrated  to  the  instructor.] 

1.  Demonstrate  polar  stimulation  by  the  galvanic 
current.  Show  the  vasomotor  functions  of  the  spi- 
nal cord.  Demonstrate  the  inhibition  of  reflex 
action  in  the  frog.  Furnish  experimental  evidence 
for  an  explanation  of  the  auriculo-ventricular  in- 
terval. Prove  that  the  galvanic  current  stimulates 
during  the  whole  time  of  its  passage  through  an 
irritable  tissue.  Demonstrate  the  influence  of  load 
on  ventricular  contraction. 

2.  Show  by  diagram  the  method  of  determin- 
ing the  size  of  a  retinal  image.  Demonstrate  that 
the  nervous  impulse  must  pass  to  the  central  ner- 
vous system  before  it  can  produce  a  reflex  action. 
Demonstrate  the  difference  in  the  physiology  of 
smooth  and  striated  muscles.  Prove  the  existence 
of  tonic  contraction  of  muscle.  Demonstrate  the 
current  of  action  in  muscle  or  nerve.  Give  experi- 
mental evidence  that  the  vagus  connects  with  the 
nerve  cells  in  the  heart. 

3.  Show  the  function  of  the  anterior  spinal  nerve- 
roots.  Eecord  with  the  artificial  scheme  pulse 
curves  of  low  arterial  tension  and  high  arterial 
tension,  and  discuss  their  method  of  production. 
Construct  a  diagram  showing  the  formation  of  the 
image  in  myopia.  Prove  that  the  extensibility  of 
muscle  is  increased  in  tetanus.  Demonstrate  the 
limits  of  the  refractory  period  and  the  existence 
of  the  compensatory  pause.  Prove  that  the  demar- 
cation current  (current  of  injury)  may  act  as  a 
stimulus. 


70  PiiYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 

4.  Show  the  effect  of  inhibition  of  the  heart  on 
arterial  pressure  in  the  frog.  Demonstrate  on 
muscle  the  different  effect  of  sudden  and  of  gradual 
increase  in  intensity  of  stimulus.  Prove  the  dis- 
continuous nature  of  tetanic  contraction.  Show 
the  influence  of  temperature  on  the  form  of  the 
contraction  wave  of  skeletal  muscle.  Produce 
evidence  that  irritability  is  separable  from  conduc- 
tivity. Show  that  the  control  of  movements  is 
localized  at  different  levels  of  the  spinal  cord. 

5.  Determine  the  effect  of  stimulation  of  the 
vagus  on  the  beat  of  the  ventricle.  Show  that  all 
contractions  of  heart  muscle  are  maximal.  Give 
experimental  evidence  that  a  nerve  fibre  may  con- 
duct impulses  in  both  directions.  Show  that  a 
constant  stimulus  may  cause  periodic  contraction. 
Show  the  influence  of  fatigue  on  muscular  contrac- 
tion. Draw  a  construction  showing  the  formation 
of  the  image  in  the  indirect  method  of  observing 
the  retina. 

6.  Show  the  action  of  the  sympathetic  on  the 
heart.  Demonstrate  the  spreading  of  impulses  in 
the  central  nervous  system.  Eecord  curves  show- 
ing the  influence  of  changes  in  the  aortic  pressure 
on  the  interval  between  the  beginning  of  ventricu- 
lar contraction  and  the  opening  of  the  semilunar 
valves  (in  the  artificial  scheme).  Show  the  seg- 
mental arrangement  of  the  reflex  apparatus.  Con- 
struct a  diagram  showing  the  formation  of  the 
image  in  hypermetropia.  Show  the  influence  of 
an  increase  in  peripheral  resistance  on  the  blood 
pressure  in  the  frog. 

7.  Demonstrate  that  the  cardiac  systole  is  a 
simple  contraction.  Show  the  influence  of  load 
on  the  work  done  by  skeletal  muscle.  Show  where 
the  more  complicated  coordinated  reflex  acts  have 
their  centres.       Prove  the  independent  irritability 


THE   FIRST- YEAR   COURSE  Vl 

of  muscle.  Show  experimental  proof  of  the  law 
of  contraction  with  weak,  medium,  and  strong 
ascending  currents.  Make  a  record  of  minimal 
and  maximal  stimulation  and  show  the  effect  of 
summation. 

8.  Show  evidence  that  the  ventricular  contrac- 
tion wave  may  be  transmitted  by  muscular  tissue. 
Prove  that  the  excitability  of  a  nerve  is  altered  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  anode  and  the  cathode 
during  the  passage  of  the  galvanic  current.  Se- 
cure a  record  of  the  effect  of  duration  of  stimulus 
on  smooth  muscle.  Compare  an  isometric  contrac- 
tion with  an  isotonic  contraction.  Obtain  from  the 
artificial  scheme  of  the  circulation  a  characteristic 
pulse  curve  of  aortic  regurgitation  and  explain  its 
production.  Demonstrate  and  discuss  the  apparent 
purpose  in  reflex  action. 

The  character  of  the  written  examination  will 

be  evident  upon  reading  the  following  papers  : 

September,  1900 
[^Answer  any  four  qaestious,  but  not  more  than  four.] 

1.  Describe  the  coagulation  of  either  blood  or 
milk,  stating  both  the  physical  and  chemical 
phenomena. 

2.  Describe  and  draw  an  ai'tificial  scheme  upon 
which  the  physical  phenomena  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  can  be  demonstrated. 

3.  Give  experimental  evidence  to  show  how  the 
tetanic  contraction  of  muscle  is  produced. 

4.  Describe  fully  the  interchange  between  the 
air  in  the  alveoli  and  the  gases  in  the  blood. 

5.  Give  the  complete  course  of  any  one  of  the 
ascending  or  descending  tracts  in  the  central 
nervous  system. 


72  PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HAFwVAKD 

G.  Give  experiments  establishing  the  importance 
of  any  one  of  the  internal  secretions. 

June,  1901 

[[Answer  any  four  questions,  but  not  more  than  four.  The 
answer  to  any  one  questiou  should  not  exceed  three  hundred 
wjrdi.J 

1.  Draw  curves  showing  the  changes  of  pressure 
in  the  auricle,  ventricle,  and  aorta  from  the  begin- 
ning of  one  auricular  contraction  to  the  beginning 
of  the  next.     Add  brief  explanatory  notes. 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  smooth 
muscle. 

3.  Discuss  the  chemistry  of  respiration. 

4.  Draw  the  motor  area  of  the  cortex  and  give 
evidence  in  support  of  the  theory  of  cortical 
localization. 

5.  Write  a  sketch  of  the  physiology  of  absorption. 

September,  1901 

[[Answer  anv  three  questions,  but  not  more  than  three.  The 
answer  to  any'  one  question  must  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words.  Mention,  where  possible,  experimental  evidence  in 
support  of  your  opinion.  Matter  not  bearing  directly  on  the 
question  asked  will  count  against  the  writer.^ 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  fer- 
ments. 

2.  Describe  the  principal  conducting  paths  in  the 
spinal  cord. 

3.  Give  a  general  description  of  the  vasomotor 
nervous  system. 

4.  State  experiments  in  support  of  a  theory  of 
accommodation  in  the  eye. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  73 

June,  1902 

[Answer  any  three  questions,  but  not  more  than  three.  The 
answer  to  any  one  question  must  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words.  Mention,  where  possible,  experimental  evidence  in  sup- 
port of  your  opinion.  Matter  not  bearing  directly  on  the 
question  asked  will  count  against  the  writer.] 

1.  Give  aD  account  of  the  innervation  of  the 
heart. 

2.  Describe  the  digestion  of  proteids. 

3.  Discuss  the  sensory  functions  of  the  skin. 

4.  Sketch  the  metabolism  of  carbohydrates. 


September,  1902 

[Answer  any  three  questions,  but  not  more  than  three.  The 
answer  to  any  one  question  must  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words.  Mention,  where  possible,  expeiimental  evidence  in 
support  of  your  opinion.  Matter  not  bearing  directly  on  the 
question  asked  will  count  against  the  writer.] 

1.  Give  a  brief  account  of  the  electrical  proper- 
ties of  muscle. 

2.  Sketch  the  metabolism  of  proteids. 

3.  Discuss  the  functions  of  the  glomeruli  of  the 
kidney. 

4.  State  the  principal  facts  regarding  the  physi- 
ology of  the  sympathetic  nerves. 


74  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


III 

THE  ADVAXCED  COURSE 

Students  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  Medical 
School  may  elect  advanced  instruction,  at  present 
consisting  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  hours  of 
laboratory  study,  in  any  field  of  physiology.  It 
is  to  be  presumed  that  such  students  desire  ad- 
ditional work  in  physiology  to  fit  them  for 
some  special  field  of  medicine,  for  example  the 
diseases  of  the  nervous  svstem  ;  or  thev  mav  wish 
to  pursue  physiology,  pathology,  or  some  other 
biological  science  as  a  profession.  They  will  be 
received  into  the  research  laboratories  of  the 
department,  and  will  carry  on  their  studies  side 
by  side  with  the  members  of  the  Staff.  The 
work  will  consist  of  fundamental  experiments, 
the  study  of  accessory  data,  and  the  reading  of 
selected  orisjinal  investigations.  The  student 
will  be  guided  by  personal  conferences  with  the 
professor  in  charge,  and,  if  desirable,  by  informal 
lectures.  He  may  also  attend  the  optional  lec- 
tures given  in  May  (see  page  39),  in  which  each 
member  of  the  Staff  discusses  the  subjects  which 
he  has  himself  investigated. 

This  course  counts  toward  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  and  an  examination,  largely  practical, 
will  be  required. 


THE   ADVANCED    COURSE 


75 


IV 

PHYSIOLOGICAL   RESEARCH 

The  laboratories  are  open  at  all  times  to  stu- 
dents qualified  to  undertake  research.  The  fol- 
lowing investigations  have  been  published  during 
the  past  six  years : 

1896 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  vasomotor  nerves  of  the 
heart.  Boston  medical  and  surgical  journal, 
1896,  cxxxiv,  pp.  39,  40. 

Porter.  W.  T.  :  \Veiteres  liber  den  Yerschluss 
der  Coronararterien  ohne  mechauische  Verlet- 
zung.  Centralblatt  flir  Physiologic,  1896,  ix, 
pp.  641-647. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  use  of  anthropometrical  meas- 
urements in  scliools.  Educational  review, 
1896,  pp.  126-133. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  Further  researches  on  the  closure 
of  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  experi- 
mental medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  46-70. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  intracardiac  pressure  curve.  Journal  of 
experimental  medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  296-303. 

1897 

Magrath,  J.  B.,  and  H.  Kennedy  :  On  the  relation 
of  the  volume  of  the  coronary  circulation  to 
the  frequency  and  force  of  the  venticular  con- 


76 


PHYSIOLOGY    AT    HARVARD 


traction  in  the  isolated  heart  of  the  cat.  Jour- 
nal of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii,  pp.  13- 
34. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  1.  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
2.  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from  fibrillary 
contractions.  3.  Note  on  the  relation  between 
the  beat  of  the  ventricle  and  the  flow  of  blood 
through  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1897, 
i,  pp.  15-21. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
Journal  of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii, 
pp.  391-404. 

1898 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from 
fibrillary  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  71-82. 

Pratt,  F.  H.  :  The  nutrition  of  the  heart  through 
the  vessels  of  Thebesius  and  the  coronary  veins. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
86-103. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  influence  of  the  heart-beat  on 
the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of  the  heart. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
145-163. 

Hyde,  I.  H. :  The  effect  of  distention  of  the  ven- 
tricle on  the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of 
the  heart.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  215-224. 

Cleghorx,  a.  :  The  reinforcement  of  voluntary 
muscular  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  336-345. 

Cannox,  W.  B.:  The  movements  of  the  stomach 
studied  by  means  of  the  Rontgen  rays.  Amer- 
ican journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  359- 
382. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   RESKARCH  77 

Cannon,  W.  B.,  and  A.  Mosp:r  :   The  movements  of 

the  food  in  the  oesophagus.  American  journal 
of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  435-444. 

Bancroft,  F.  W.  :  The  venomotor  nerves  of  the 
hind  limb.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  477-485. 

MusKENS,  L.  J.  J. :  An  analysis  of  the  action  of 
the  vagus  nerve  on  the  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  486-510. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  isolated  mammalian  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  511-518. 

1899 

Porter  ,  W.  T.  :  The  coordination  of  the  ventri- 
cles. American  journal  of  physiology,  1899, 
ii,  pp.  127-136. 

Stewart,  C.  C.  :  On  the  course  of  impulses  to  and 
from  the  cat's  bladder.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  182-202. 

Baumgarten,  W.  :  Infarction  in  the  heart.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  243-265. 

Cleghorn,  a.  :  The  action  of  animal  extracts,  bac- 
terial cultures,  and  culture  filtrates  on  the 
mammalian  heart  muscle.  American  journal 
of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  273-290. 

Cleghorn,  A.  :  The  physiological  action  of  ex- 
tracts of  the  sympathetic  ganglia.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  471-482. 

"WooDWORTH,  R.  S.  :  Studies  in  the  contraction  of 
smooth  muscle.  American  journal  of  physiol- 
ogy, 1899,  iii,  pp.  26-44. 

Mathews,  A.  P. :  The  origin  of  fibrinogen.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  iii,  pp.  53-85. 


78  PHYSIOLOGY   AT    HARVARD 


1900 

Dearborx,  G.  V.  N. :     Xotes   on   the  individual 

psycho-physiology  of  the  crayfish.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iii,  pp.  404-433. 
Porter,  W.  T.,  and  H.  G-.  Beyer  :    The  relation  of 

the  depressor  nerve  to  the  vasomotor  centre. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

283-299. 
Porter,  W.  T.,  and  W.  Muhlberg  :   Experiments 

concerning   the    prolonged    inhibition  said   to 

follow  injury  of  the  spinal  cord.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp.  334-342. 
Franz,  S.  I. :   On  the  methods  of  estimating  the 

force  of  voluntary  contractions  and  on  fatigue. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

348-372. 
Cleghorx,  a.  :   The  physiological  effects  and  the 

nature   of    extracts    of    sympathetic    ganglia. 

Journal  of  the  Boston  Society  of  the  Medical 

Sciences,  1900,  iv,  pp.  239-242. 

1901 

Mathews,  A.  P.:    The   spontaneous   secretion   of 

saliva  and  the  action  of  atropine.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1901,  iv,  pp.  482-499. 
McCuRDY,  J.  H. :  The  effect  of  maximum  muscular 

effort  on  blood-pressure.     American  journal  of 

physiology,  1901,  v,  pp.  95-103. 
Cleghorx,  A.,  and  C.  C.  Stewart  :  The  inhibition 

time    of    a   voluntary    muscular    contraction. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1901,  v,  pp. 

281-286. 
Cannon,    W.    B.  :    Cerebral    pressure    following 

trauma.      American    journal    of    physiologv, 

1901,  vi,  pp.  91-121. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   RESEARCH  79 

1902 

Canxox,  W.  B.  :  The  movements  of  the  intes- 
tines studied  by  means  of  the  Rontgen  rays. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1902,  vi,  pp. 
251-277. 

Opitz,  R.  B.  :  A  comparative  study  in  the  viscosity 
of  the  blood.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1902,  vii.  pp.  243-260. 

LiLLEE,  R.  S.  On  the  oxidative  properties  of  the 
cell-nucleus.  American  journal  of  physiologv, 
1902,  vii,  pp.  412-421. 

Opitz,  R.  B.  :  The  flow  of  the  blood  in  the  external 
jus^ular  vein.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1902,  vii,  pp.  435-459. 

Franz,  S.  I. :  On  the  functions  of  the  cerebrum  : 
I.  The  frontal  lobes  in  relation  to  the  produc- 
tion and  retention  of  simple  sensory-motor 
habits.  American  journal  of  physiology,  1902, 
viii,  pp.  1-22. 

AYooDWORTH,  R.  S.  :  Maximal  contraction,  "  stair- 
case "  contraction,  refractory  period,  and  com- 
pensatory pause,  of  the  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1902,  viii,  pp.  213-249. 


80  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HAKVARD 


THE   SUMMER   COURSE 

The  summer  course  in  physiology  will  be  given 
daily  during  the  five  weeks  from  June  29  to 
August  1,  1903,  inclusive.  This  course  will  be 
found  to  be  valuable  to  instructors  of  schools 
and  colleges  who  seek  experience  in  the  teaching 
of  physiology  by  laboratory  methods.  Students 
who  wish  to  prepare  themselves  for  the  courses 
in  the  Medical  School,  or  who  may  desire  to  re- 
cover ground  lost  by  illness  or  other  misfortune, 
will  also  find  an  opportunity  here.  The  instruc- 
tion will  consist  of  fundamental  experiments  per- 
formed by  the  students  themselves,  and  the  study 
of  accessory  data.  An  informal  lecture  or  con- 
ference will  be  given  daily. 

The  fee  for  these  thirty  days  of  laboratory 
instruction,  including  the  necessary  material, 
will  be  forty  dollars. 


APPENDIX  81 


APPENDIX 


APPARATUS 


The  following  articles  are  required  for  the  ex- 
perimeuts  upon'muscle  and  nerve,  the  circulation, 
spinal  cord  and  brain,  physiological  optics,  and 
cutaneous  sensations  (pages  13-24).  Additional 
lists  for  the  subjects  in  preparation  will  be  issued 
when  the  experiments  are  ready. 

Adjustable  plate,  or  nerve  holder.^ 

Artificial  scheme,  see  circulation  scheme. 

Balancing  board,  see  board,  balancing. 

♦Band,  rubber,  diameter  9  cm.,  for  the  head. 

Beakers,  3,  7  X  6  cm. 

Block,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  +10  D  lens,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

,  8.6'^X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  cylindrical  +7  D  lens, 

in  artificial  eye  box. 
-,  8.6  X  S.6\  1.6    cm.,  for  mirror,  in  artificial 


eye  box. 
-,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,   for  retina,  in  artificial 


eye  box. 

Board,  balancing,  38.5  X  20.5  X  4.5  cm. 
,  mesentery,  with  6  fine  pins. 

1  Articles  marked  *will  be  placed  in  the  small  wooden  boxes. 

6 


82  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Book,  for  laboratory  notes,  21  x  17.5  cm.,  180  pages. 

,  for  thesis,  21  X  17.2  cm.,  32  pages. 

Bottle,  glass  stopper,  9  x  3.7  cm.,  45  c.c.  curare  ; 

2   drops    should   paralyze    a   frog    in    about   10 

minutes. 

,  5x3  cm.  20  c.c,  with  100  grams  of  mercury. 

,  glass  stopper,  13  x  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  normal 

saline. 
,  glass  stopper,  13  x  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  saturated 

solution  zinc  sulphate. 
,  round,  9.5  x  4  cm.,   72  c.c.  distilled  water, 


cork  flush  with  neck,  in  artificial  eye  box. 
— ,  square,  7.5  x  4.3  X  4.3  cm.,  filled  with  68  c.c. 
of  75  per  cent  glycerine  tinged  with  eosin ;  cork 
flush  with  neck ;  in  artificial  eye  box. 
-,  flat,  11.5  X  4.5  X  2.2  cm.,  60  c.c.  chrome  alum 


solution. 
Bottles,  3,  glass  stoppers,  10  X  4.2  cm.,  70  c.c,  for 

solutions. 
Bowl,  earthenware,  18  x  5.5  cm.,  1200  c.c. 
Box,  black,  to  cover  retina. 

,  43.5  X  20.4  X  24  cm.,  to  mount  electrometer. 

Boxes,  2,  wooden,  12  x  8.7  X  5  cm. 
*Brush,  camel's-hair,  for  handling  nerves. 
Burner,  Bunsen,  with  150  cm.  rubber  tubing. 

,  fish-tail,  with  perfect  tip. 

^Cannula,    metal,    for   aorta,  with   10  cm.  rubber 

tube,  and  3.5  cm.  glass  rod  to  fit  tube. 
Carbon  dioxide  generator,  with  wash  bottle,  marble, 

20  per  cent  HCl  in  beaker,  and  connecting  tubes. 
Card,  w^ith  no.  20  copper  wire. 
Cell,  Daniell,  amalgamated  zinc,  copper,  porous  cup, 

saturated  solution  copper  sulphate,  5  per  cent 

sulphuric  acid. 
Cells,  2  dry. 
*Cement,  colophonium   1   part,   beeswax  4  parts, 

piece  2  X  2  X  2.5  cm. 


APPENDIX  83 

Circulation  scheme. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

Clamp,  femur,  or  muscle  clamp. 
Clay,  potter's  kaolin  in  dish,  5.5  x  3.7  cm.,  moist- 
ened with  0.6  per  ceut  XaCl  solution. 
Cloth,  cotton,  30  x  40  cm. 
*Collar  button. 

♦Compressor,  or  cork  clamp,  or  Gaskell  clamp. 
Cork,  diameter  '2  cm. 
Cotton  ;  fill  beaker  loosely. 
Cylinder,  cardboard,  20.5  x  5.5  cm.,  for  kymograph 

paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  26  X  4  cm.,  for  straws. 

,  tin,  cork  plug,  incense,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Diaphragm.  0.2  mm.  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,   L  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit,  in  artificial  eye 

box. 
Dish,  evaporating,  diameter  8  cm. 

.  paper,  diameter  16  cm.,  for  rocking  key. 

Dissecting  case,  with   scissors,  one  large  and  one 

small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 
^Electrodes,  brass,  1  flat,  and  1  wire. 

,  for  inductorium. 

* ,  needle,  2  pair,  each  pair  passed  through  a 

cork,  diameter  1  cm. 
,  4  unpolarizable  boots,  with  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  and  4  no.  27  wires,  10  cm.  long,  in  moist 

chamber. 

,  2  platinum,  2  x  0.5  cm. 

-,  1  zinc,  7  X  0.5  cm. 


Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Electrometer,  capillary,  20  per  cent  sulphuric  acid, 

with  box,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 
Ergograph,  iron  stand  with  spring,  with  adjustable 

rod,  hand  rest,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 


84  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Eye,  artificial,  see  optical  box. 

,  artificial  ophthalmoscopic,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Frog,  sciatic  nerve  cut  4  days  before  use. 

Frogs,  medium  size,  average  number  for  each  stu- 
dent, 45. 

,  large,  average  number  for  each  student,  4. 

Frog  board,  4  clips. 

Frog-heart  manometer,  see  manometer,  small  mer- 
cury. 

Funnel  ring. 

Galvanometer. 

*Gas  chamber,  cork  with  2  tubes  and  2  electrodes, 
normal  saline  clay. 

*Handles,  4  wooden,  for  pressure-hairs. 

Heart-holder,  wooden  stand. 

Holmgren's  Worsteds,  for  testing  color  vision. 

*Hooks,  2   S-shaped,  one  end  sharp. 

* ,  2  double. 

Ice. 

Incense,  4  pieces,  3  cm.  long,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Inductorium. 

Ink,  black  and  red. 

Interrupter  wheel. 

*Iron  filings,  2  grams. 

Jar,  glass,  battery,  20  X  17  cm.,  to  hold  frog. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lantern,  2  draw  tubes. 

Lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artificial 
eye  box. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 

,  concave,  —2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

cylindrical,  -f-2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  arti- 


ficial eye  box. 


APPENDIX  85 

Lens,  cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  small  scale  pan  and  ver- 
tical pin. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle,  with  large  scale  pan. 

Ligature,  linen  thread,  100-yard  spool. 

,  silk,  2  yards,  on  spool. 

^Magnet,  bar. 

Manometer,  small  mercury,  with  glass  float  and 
rubber  tube. 

Marble,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Membrane,  finest  rubber,  diameter  2  cm.,  for  sphyg- 
mograph  tambour. 

* ,  rubber  dam,  diameter  5  cm.,  for  sphygmo- 

graph  thistle  tube. 

*Menthol  pencil. 

Mercury  cup,  for  vibrating  reed. 

Mesentery  board,  see  board,  mesentery. 

Metronome,  one  in  each  room. 

♦Micrometer  ocular. 

Microscope,  with  jointed  stand  for  horizontal  ad- 
justment. 

♦Millimetre  paper,  strip  15  X  1.5  cm. 

Mirror,  concavo-convex,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

,  plane,  glass,  5x5  cm.,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Moist  chamber,  with  4  unpolarizable  boots,  4  clips, 
1  femur  clamp,  and  glass  shade. 

Mounting  rod,  for  boot  electrodes. 

Muscle  clamp,  see  clamp,  femur. 

,  lever,  heavy,  see  lever,  heavy  muscle. 

,  lever,  light,  see  lever,  light  muscle. 

,  warmer,  with  thermometer,  lead  shot,  and  ice. 

Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 
Optical  box,  see  also 

block,  holding  -f  10  D  lens. 

holding  cylindrical  -\-7  D  lens. 


86  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Optical  box,  continued 

,  block,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  round,  9.5  X  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 
water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 

,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 

tinged  with  eosin  ;  cork  flush  with  neck. 

cover,  plate  glass. 

cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug. 

diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

,  black  paper,  8.6  x  8.6  cm.,  aperture  4  ram. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 

lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

concave,  —2  D,  in   small   envelope,   in 


artificial  eye  box. 

,  cylindrical,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in 

artificial  eye  box. 

,  cylindrical,   +7  D,  in  wooden  block,  in 

artificial  eye  box. 
mirror,  plane,  silvered  glass. 
ophthalmoscopic  eye,  with  rod. 
screen,  1  cm.  diameter, 
slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

,  ground  glass. 

*Paper,  black,  1x1  cm.,  stroboscopic  method. 

,  coordinate,  10  X  10  cm. 

,  filter,  1  sheet,  50  X  50  cm. 

* ,  filter,  5  X  5  cm.,  soaked  in  starch  paste  with 

potassium  iodide. 

,   glazed  on   one   side,   in   cardboard    case,  25 

sheets,  54.8  x  18.5  cm.  gummed  0.8  cm.  at  one 
end. 


APPENDIX  87 

Paper,  continued 

,  paraffin.  10  x  7  cm. 

,  black,  red,  green,  blue,  1  cm.  square. 

,  white,  50  x  60  cm. 

,  for  written  tests,  24.5  x  19.5  cm.,  printed. 

* ,  for  writing-points,  o  x  o  cm. 

Paramecia. 

*Pins,  6,  for  mesentery. 

Pipette,  glass  tube,  20  cm.  long,  diameter  0.6  cm., 
drawn  out. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass,  12.8  x  10..3  cm. 

,  glass  cover,  for  artificial  eye  box. 

Pletliysmograpli   tube,   with    rubber   collar  4  cm. 

long,  rubber  tubing,  and  ~]~-tube. 
Pole  changer,  see  key,  rocking. 
Rabbit,  uninjured,  in  rabbit  holder,  for  heart  reflex. 
Reed,  vibrating,  20  cm. 

Respiration    apparatus,  for   estimation   of  0,  CO2, 
and  HoO  : 

2  aspirator  bottles  36  X  14  cm.,  4000  c.c. 
w^ooden  tray  containing  seven  bottles,  18  x 
7.3  cm.,  500  c.c. ;  1  and  4,  filled  with  soda- 
lime  ;  2,  3,  and  5  filled  with  pumice  stone 
soaked  in  sulphuric  acid ;  6,  a  Mtiller's 
mercury  valve ;  7,  a  quart  glass  jar,  with 
metal  screw  top  and  rubber  ring. 
12  small  velvet  corks  to  stop  tubes  when  not 

in  use. 
2  rubber  tubes  17  X  1.1  cm. 
4  rubber  tubes  5  x  1  cm. 
2  rubber  tubes,  40  x  1.1  cm. 
Rheochord. 
*Ring,  brass,  0.1  gram. 


88  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

♦Ring,  2  straw  fasteuers. 

*lvod,  glass,  3.5  cm.,  for  aortic  cannula  tube. 

,  glass,   L-shaped,  Exp.  salts  on  heart-muscle. 

,  stirring,  20  cm.  long,  end  drawn  out. 

,  wooden,  8,5  X  0.6  cm. 

Scale  pan,  large. 

pan,  small. 

Shellac  dissolved  in  96  per  cent  alcohol. 

*Shot,  lead,  1  gram,  split. 

Signal  magnet. 

*Slide,  glass,  7.6  x  2.6  cm. 

,  glass,  7.6  X  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  e3'e  box. 

,  ground  glass,  7.6  X  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  eye 

box. 
Sodium  chloride,  crystals  in  salt  mouth,  30   c.c, 

bottle. 
Solutions,^ 

amyl  nitrite, 
acetic  acid  (strong), 
alcohol. 

ammonia,  XHg. 
atropine,  0.5  per  cent. 
Biedermann's  fluid, 

sodium  chloride,  XaCl,  5  grams, 
disodium  hydrogen  phosphate,  NagHPOi, 

2  grams, 
sodium  carbonate,  XajCOa,  0.4  gram, 
water,  H.O,  1000  c.c. 

1  The  composition  of  each  solution  is  written  upon  as  many 
tags  as  there  are  pairs  of  students.  The  writing  is  coated  with 
shellac  dissolved  in  alcohol.  Experience  has  shown  that  not 
more  than  three  solutions  are  needed  at  any  one  laboratory 
exercise.  The  necessary  quantity  of  the  liquids  is  transferred 
from  large  stock  bottles  to  three  small  bottles,  upon  which  the 
corresponding  tags  are  placed.  Each  tag  has  a  metal  ring 
which  slips  readily  over  the  neck  of  the  bottle.  At  the  close  of 
the  exercise  the  tags  are  stored  away,  and  the  bottles  carefully 
washed. 


APPENDIX  89 

Solutions  {continued)  — 

calcium  chloride,  CaCla,  1  per  cent. 

copper  sulphate,  CuSO^,  saturated  solution. 

distilled  water,  HoO. 

ether. 

hydrochloric  acid,  HCl,  20  per  cent. 

muscarine  (trace). 

nicotine,  0.2  per  cent. 

potassium  chloride,  KCl,  5  per  cent. 

chloride,  KCl,  0.9  per  cent. 

Kinger's  fluid, 

calcium  chloride,  CaCls,  0.0026  gram. 

potassium  chloride,  KCl,  0.035  gram. 

sodium  chloride,  XaCl,  0.7  gram. 

water,  HoO,  to  make  100  c.c. 
sodium  carbonate,  NaoCOa,  1  per  cent. 

chloride,  XaCl,  saturated  solution. 

chloride,    XaCl,    0.6   per  cent,    "normal 

saline." 

chloride,  XaCl,  0.75  per  cent. 


strychnine  sulphate,  0.5  per  cent, 
sulphuric  acid,  H2SO4,  5  per  cent. 

acid,  H2SO4,  0.2  per  cent. 

veratrine  acetate,  1  per  cent. 
Sphygmograph   tambour,    with  rubber   tubing,   T- 
tube,  fine  straw,  finest  rubber  membrane,  thistle 
tube,  rubber  dam,  and  collar  button. 
Stand,  two  iron,  with  4  clamps. 

,  wooden. 

Straw,  fine,  for  sphygmograph  tambour. 
,  large,  36  cm.  long,  with  platinum  wire  sol- 
dered to  thin  copper  wire. 
Straws,  large,  20  cm.  long,  3  in  cardboard  case. 
Tags,  written  and  shellacked,  one  for  each  solution 
except  curare,  normal  saline,  and  saturated  solu- 
tion zinc  sulphate. 
Thermometer,  diameter  not  over  0.8  cm. 


90  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKVARD 

^Thread,  silk,  50  cm. 

Tin  foil,  see  paper. 

Tortoise,  average  number  for  each  student,  1. 

Towel,  small. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Tuning  fork. 

Vertebral  saw. 

Volume  tube,  2  corks  with  hook  electrode. 

Wash  bottle,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Web  board  ;  may  use  mesentery  board. 

*  Weights,  10  one-gram  in  box. 

,  100  ten -gram  in  large  scale  pan. 

Wire  gauze,  10  X  10  cm. 

Wire,  300  cm.,  fine  copper,  no.  33,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  iron,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

Wires,  copper,  13  no.  25,  60  cm.  long,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  2  no.  25,  150  cm.  long,  coiled. 

,  connecting,  for  lantern,  with  plug. 

Work  adder. 

Form  F. 

[Requisition  blank.] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  190. 


The  undersigned  desires  the  following  supplies 


Room 

(Signed) 

Number 

1  Articles  used  in  the  experiments  on  fermentation,  digestion, 
and  blood  will  be  included  in  this  list  in  the  third  edition,  to 
be  issued  in  1904, 


APPENDIX  91 


Form  G. 


[First  issue  of  apparatus.  ] 


Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

February  3,  1903. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  this 
first  issue  of  apparatus,  for  experiments  upon  the 
methods  of  electrical  stimulation  of  muscle  and 
nerve,  chemical  and  mechanical  stimulation.^ 

Adjustable  plate. 
Beakers,  3. 
Bottle,  with  curare. 

,  with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl. 

,  with  saturated  ZnS04. 

,  with  Hg. 

Boxes,  2  small  wooden. 

Bowl. 

*Brush,  camel's-hair,  for  handling  nerves. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  and  tubing. 

,  fish-tail  with  perfect  tip. 

Cells,  2  dry. 
*Ceinent,  colophonium. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

,  femur. 

Clay,  in  glass  dish. 
*Compressor  (Gaskell  clamp). 
Cork. 

Cylinder,   cardboard,   with  25   sheets   kymograph 
paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  with  3  straws. 

Dish,  paper,  for  rocking  key. 
♦Electrodes,  brass,  one  flat  and  one  wire. 
,  for  inductorium. 

1  Articles  marked  *  will  be  found  in  the  small  wooden  boxes. 


92  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

♦Electrodes,  4  needle,  with  2  small  corks. 

,  4  unpolarizable   (4  boots,  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  in  moist  chamber). 
Frog  board  with  4  clips. 
Funnel  ring. 
*Hooks,  S-shaped,  2. 

* ,  double,  2. 

Inductorium. 

Jar,  battery. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  vertical  pin. 

Ligatures,  thread,  on  spool. 

Millimetre  paper. 

Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 

Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 

Paper,  coordinate. 

,  filter. 

* ,  for  writing  points. 

,  glazed,  25  sheets  in  cardboard  case. 

Pipette. 

,  fine  glass. 

.,  with  rubber  bulb. 


Plate,  glass. 

Porcelain  dish. 

Rheochord. 

*E,ing,  wire  straw  fastener,  2. 

Eod.  glass. 

Scale  pan,  small. 

Signal  magnet. 

Stand,  wooden. 

Stands,  2  iron,  and  4  clamps. 

Straws,  3  in  case. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Tuning  fork. 

♦Weights,  10  ten-gram. 


APPENDIX  93 

Wire,  300  cm.  fine  copper,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

Wires,  copper,  13,  each  60  cm.,  one,  150  cm. 
(Signed) 


Desk Room. 

Form  E. 


[Second  issue  of  apparatus.^] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 


.1903. 


The  undersigned  students  have  received  this 
second  issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  addi- 
tional pieces  necessary  for  experiments  upon 
irritability  and  conductivity,  electromotive  phe- 
nomena of  muscle  and  nerve,  change  in  form, 
nervous  system,  cutaneous  sensations,  general 
sensations,  and  taste. 

Balancing  board. 

Cork  clamp. 

Cotton. 

Electrodes,  2  platinum,  2  X  0.5  cm. 

Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest. 

Funnel  ring. 

Heart  holder. 

Interrupter  wheel. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle  (rigid  muscle  lever). 

Menthol  pencil. 

Micrometer  ocular. 

1  The  electrometer,  mounted  on  box,  with  curved  iron  clamp 
will  be  separately  issued  upon  the  days  it  is  to  be  used. 


94  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Muscle  warmer,  with  mounting  rod. 

Eod,  pointed  wooden. 

Rubber  band. 

Scale  pan,  large,  with  90  ten-gram  weights. 

Shot,  lead,  split. 

Volume  tube ;  rubber  stopper  with  capillary  tube, 

glass    rod,    and    electrode ;    cork    stopper,    with 

electrode. 
Weights,  10  one-gram,  in  box. 

,  90  ten-gram,  in  scale  pan. 

Wire  gauze. 

(Signed) 


Desk Room 

Form  I. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

March ,  1903. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 

students and 

Room Desk 

[First  return  list.] 

Adjustable  plate. 

Bottle,  with  saturated  ZnS04. 

Cork  clamp. 

Dish  with  clay  (kaolin). 

Electrodes.  2  platinum,  2  X  0.5  cm. 

,  4  unpolarizable    (4  boots,  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs). 
Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest. 
Interrupter  wheel. 
^Micrometer  ocular. 
Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 


APPENDIX  .  95 

Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle. 

Muscle  warmer,  with  mounting  rod. 

Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 

Rheochord. 

Wire,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

(Signed) 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 

Form  J. 

[Third  issue  of  apparatus.  ] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1903. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  the  fol- 
lowing apparatus  for  the  experiments  on  physio- 
logical optics  and  on  vision. 

Artificial  eye,  with  rod. 
Optical  lantern,  two  draw-tubes. 
Optical  box,  containing 

block,  holding  +10  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  +7  D  lens. 

,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  round,  9.5  X  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 
water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 

bottle,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 
tinged  with  eosin  ;  cork  flush  with  neck. 

cover,  plate  glass. 

cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug. 

diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 


96  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Optical  box,  continued 

Diaphragm,  black  paper,  8.6  X  ^.^  cm., 

aperture  4  mm. 
Incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 
Lens,  convex,  +-  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block. 

,  concave,  —2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  -{■!  D,  in  wooden  block. 

Mirror,  plane,  silvered  glass. 
Ophthalmoscopic  ej'e,  with  rod. 
Screen,  1  cm.  diameter. 
Slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

,  ground  glass. 

(Signed) 


Desk Eoom. 


[^Form  K,  a  receipt  for  apparatus  used  in  the  experi- 
ments upon  fermentation,  digestion,  absorption, 
lymph,  blood,  secretion,  respiration,  and  meta- 
bolism, will  be  printed  in  the  next  edition  of 
this  pamphlet.] 

Form  L. 

[Fifth  issue  of  apparatus.] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1903. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  the  fol- 
lowing issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  addi- 
tional pieces  necessary  for  experiments  on  the 
circulation. 

Beaker,  small. 
Board,  mesentery. 


APPENDIX  97 

Cannula,  brass. 

Circulation  scheme. 

Collar  button. 

Manometer,  vsmall  mercury,  with  glass  float,  glass 

rod,  and  rubber  tube. 
Membrane,  rubber  dam,  diameter  5  cm. 
Plethysmograph   tube    with   rubber  collar   4    cm. 

long. 
Sphygmograph  thistle  tube  with  rubber  tubing  and 

T-tube. 
Stand,  wooden. 

Tambour,  with  finest  rubber  membrane. 
(Signed) 


Desk Room 

Form  M. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1903. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 
students and 

Room Desk 


[Second  return  list.] 

Dish,  paper,  for  rocking  key. 
Electrodes,  brass,  one  flat  and  one  wire. 
Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 
LaTitern,  two  draw-tubes, 
^lounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 
Optical  box,  containing 

block,  holding  +10  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  4-^  T^  lens. 

,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

7 


98  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

bottle,  round,  9.5  x  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 
water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 

bottle,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 
tinged  with  eosin ;  cork  flush  with  neck. 

cover,  plate  glass. 

cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug. 

diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

,  black  paper,  8.6x8.6  cni.,  aperture  4  mm. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 

lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block. 

,  concave,  —2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block. 

mirror,  plane,  silvered. 

ophthalmoscopic  eye,  with  rod. 

screen.  1  cm.  diameter. 

slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

,  ground  glass. 

Pole  changer,  see  key,  rocking. 

Rubber  band. 

Scale  pan,  large,  with  90  ten-gram  weights. 

Slide,  glass. 

Tuning  fork. 

Weights,  90  ten-gram,  in  scale  pan. 

(Signed) 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 

Form  N. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1903. 

The  locker  keys  must  be  returned  to  the  me- 
chanic in  the  gallery  of  the  Physiological  Labora- 


APPENDIX  •  99 

tory  between and , 

, The  deposit 

for  the  key  will  be  refunded  only  at  this  time. 
You  are  reminded  that  the  cost  of  replacing  lost 
apparatus,  the  repair  of  broken  parts,  and  the 
cleaning  of  apparatus  and  lockers  left  dirty  will 
be  charged  against  your  account. 

In  Rooms  B  and  H,  at o'clock 

morning,  receipts  will  be  issued  for  the  following 
apparatus. 

[Third  return  list.] 

,  1903. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 

students and 

Eoom Desk 

Beakers,  4,  one  small. 

Board,  mesentery. 
Bottle,  with  curare. 

,  with  chrome  alum. 

,  with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl. 

,  with  Hg. 

,  2,  with  CaCl2  and  KCl  solutions. 

Boxes,  2  small  wooden. 

Bowl. 

Brush,  camel's-hair. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  with  tubing. 

,  fish-tail  with  perfect  tip. 

Cannula,  brass. 
Cells,  2  dry. 
Cement,  colophonium. 
Circulation  scheme. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

,  femur,  see  muscle  clamp. 

Collar  button. 


100  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Compressor  (Gaskell  clamp). 

Cylinder,  cardboard,  with  kymograph  paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  with  3  straws. 

Electrodes,  for  inductorium. 

,  4  needle,  with  2  small  corks. 

Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Frog  board  with  4  clips. 
Funnel  ring. 
Heart  holder. 
Hooks,  S-shaped,  2. 

,  double,  2. 

Inductorium. 

Jar,  battery. 

Key,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  vertical  pin. 

Ligatures,  thread,  on  spool. 

Manometer,  small  mercury,  with  glass  float,  glass 

rod,  and  rubber  dam. 
Membrane,  rubber  dam,  5  cm.  square. 
Millimetre  paper. 
IMuscle  clamp. 
Paper  filter. 

,  for  writing  points. 

,  glazed,  with  cardboard  case. 

Pipette,  large  glass. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  with  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass. 

Plethysmograph  tube  with  rubber  collar  4  cm.  long. 

Porcelain  dish. 

Ring,  wire  straw  fastener,  2. 

Rod,  glass. 

,  glass,  L-shaped. 

Saw,  vertebral. 
Scale  pan,  small. 
Sifjnal  ma^jnet. 


APPENDIX  101 

Sphygmograph  thistle  tube  with  rubber  tubing  and 

T-tube. 
Stands,  2  iron,  and  4  clamps. 

,  wooden. 

Straws,  3  in  case. 

Tambour,  with  finest  rubber  membrane. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Weights,  10  ten-gram. 

Wire,  fine  copper,  on  spool. 

Wires,  copper,  13,  60  cm.  each,  one  150  cm. 

Wire  gauze. 

(Signed) 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 


Form  0. 

[List  of  apparatus  liable  to  be  broken.] 

Beakers 20  cents 

Boot  electrodes 10 

Capillary  tube  on  electrometer  ....  25 

Cover  to  moist  chamber 20 

Gas  chamber 10 

Glass  plate 2 

Jar  of  Daniell  cell 25 

Pipettes 3 

Stirring  rod 2 

Tip  to  gas  burner 2 


